过去分词

○1 形式：规则动词+ed，和不规则动词的过去分词。

○2 过去分词的否定形式：not + 动词过去分词。

○3 用法：

A. 作表语：My bike is broken .   He is very worried .

B.  作定语：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .

C.  作状语：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill .

D. 作宾补：You had better have your shoes mended .  I had my hair cut yesterday .

(十一)动词的语态

1. 语态定义：英语中表示主语和谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。We teach English in our school .(主动)  English is taught in our school .(被动)

2. 被动语态：助动词Be + 及物动词的过去分词(be +p.p.)，be有人称、时态和数的变化。见下表：

时    态 谓语动词的形式 例                   子

一般现在时 Am / is / are + 动词过去分词  Colour TVs are made in the factory .

一般过去时 Was / were +动词过去分词 My hometown was liberated in 1949 .

一般将来时 Shall / will + be +动词过去分词 The film will be shown again .

现在进行时 Am / is / are + being +动词过去分词 The walls are being painted .

过去进行时 Was / were +being动词过去分词 The tickets were being well sold then .

现在完成时 Has / have + been + 动词过去分词 A new road has been built here .

时    态 谓语动词的形式 例                   子

过去完成时 Had + been +动词过去分词 Much had been done before mother came back .

含有情态动词的被动语态 情态动词+be+动词过去分词 The composition must be handed in today .

3. 被动语态中值得注意的问题：

○1 带有双宾语的动词，可以把任何一个宾语变被动，一般在间接宾语前加适当的介词。My father gave me a book ./ I was given a book by my father ./ A book was given to me by my father .

○2 英语中有些动词用主动语态表示被动语态。The cloth washes well ./ This kind of bags sells well. / The shoes wear long. / The knife cuts well . / The pen writes smoothly . / This coat lasts long .

○3 在英语中有时“be + V-ed”结构并不是被动语态，而是系表结构。The mountains were covered with snow .

○4 在“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”的结构中，要补留宾语补足语。We found the door broken. / The door was found broken.

○5 宾语补足语为省to的不定式，变为被动语态后，要还原to。He made me laugh. / I was made to laugh .

○6 如果短语动词是及物动词时，可以用被动语态，但不能遗漏所含的介词或副词。The nurse looked after the baby ./ The baby was looked after by the nurse . / We must make up for the lessons we missed. / The lessons we missed must be made up for .

○7 下列情况不能用被动语态：

A. 不及物动词： The accident happened on a busy road yesterday .

B.  连系动词： The girl looks like her sister .

C.  宾语为反身代词：He always dresses himself neatly .

D. 宾语为相互代词：The students often help each other .

E.  同源宾语：At that time, they lived a happy life .

F.  表示状态的及物动词：I have a new car. / The book cost me 30 yuan .

(十二)动词的时态：

时态 表示内容 谓语动词的构成 常用的时间状语 例句

一般现在时 现阶段经常发生的动作或存在的状态 动词原形(包括第三人称单数形式+s / es) often、usually、always、sometimes、every day、in the morning (afternoon …)等 He is often late for school.

She usually goes to work on foot.

一般将来时 将要发生的动作或存在的状态 shall / will + 动词原形

am / is / are going to + 动词原形

am / is / are to + 动词原形

am / is / are about to + 动词原形

am / is / are + 动词-ing  tomorrow、next week、this month、in an hour、the day after tomorrow 等 He will go to Shanghai next week.

I am going to buy a book tomorrow.

They are to see a film in a hour.

She is about to mend the bike later.

I am flying to Guangzhou next week.