中考英语语法复习参考

Ⅰ 词类。

词类 英语名称 意     义 例      词

名词 The Noun (缩写为n) 表示人或事物的名称 Basket, mouth, hospital, year, train

冠词 The Article (art) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物 a, an, the

代词 The Pronoun (pron) 用来代替名词、形容词或数词 They, his, him, mine, which, all

形容词 The Adjective (adj) 用以修饰名词，表示人或事物的特征 Long, empty, heavy, different, cheap, hungry

数词 The Numeral (num) 表示数量或顺序 Three, thirteen, twenty, second

动词 The Verb (v) 表示动作或状态 Hear, write, swim, eat, borrow, sing

副词 The Adverb (adv) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词 Quickly, early, out, soon, then, sometimes

介词 The Preposition (prep) 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系 From, with, at, into, behind, between, for

连词 The Conjunction (conj) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句 And, or, but, so, because

感叹词 The Interjection (interj) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感 Oh, hey, ouch, well, there, dear

(一) 名词：

专有名词：表示人名、月份、日期、地名等。如 China, John, London, the USA, Harbin .

个体名词：表示单个的人或事物。如 boat, chair, desk, apple .

集体名词：表示一群人或一些事物的总称。如 family, people, class, police .       可数名词

普通名词  物质名词：表示无法分为个体的物质。如 water, air, tea, sea, money, cotton .

抽象名词：表示抽象概念的词。如 health, help, work, friendship .                不可数名词

2.名词的数。可数名词有单复数，不可数名词没有单复数。X| k |B| 1 . c|O |m

3.名词的格：名词有三个格：主格(作主语)、宾格(作宾语)、和所有格。其中只有名词的所有格有形式变化。

(二)冠词

1.定冠词-the .

○1 特指某(些)人或某(些)事物。The students are very good.

○2 说话人与听话人都知道的人或事物。Where is the toilet ?

○3 重复提到上文的人或事物。I have a cat , the cat is white and black .

○4 表示世界上独一无二的事物。The moon moves around the earth .

○5 形容词最高级和序数词前和表示方位的名词前。I am the oldest . He is the first to school . I live in the south .

○6 乐器的名称前常用定冠词-the 。I like playing the piano / violin .

○7 和某些形容词连用，使形容词名词化，代表某一类人。We should help the poor .

○8 放在某些专有名词前。We will go to visit the Great Wall next week .    the people’s Republic of China .

○9 放在姓氏的复数形式前，表示全家人或夫妇两人。The Whites are watching TV .

○10 固定词组中。In the morning / afternoon / evening .

2.不定冠词-a / an .

○1 指人或事物的某一种类。A horse is a useful animal.     A table has four legs.

○2 指某一类人或事物中的任何一个。Pass me a pencil, please.  We write with a pen.

○3 指某人或某物，但不具体说明何人或何物。The book was written by a peasant.  Last month we were working in a factory.

○4 不定冠词还可以指“事物的单位”，如“每日”、“每斤”等。   Here is a letter for you . The meat is 18 yuan a kilo.

3.零冠词。

○1 泛指人类或男女。Man will conquer nature .

○2 抽象名词在用来表示它的一般概念时，通常不加冠词。Knowledge begins with practice .

○3 有些个体名词有时可以转化成具有抽象意义，其前面也常不加冠词。We had better send him to hospital at once.

○4 在专有名词前一般不用冠词。China is a great country. Mr Smith is an artist.

○5 在三餐饭何球类运动名称之前不用冠词。He often goes out for a walk after supper.  Sometimes I play basketball.

○6 在节假日、星期几、月份、季节等名词前。October 10th is Teachers’ Day.

○7 称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词前不用冠词。Granny is sleeping now.      We call him monitor.

○8 在语言名词前，名词前有指示代词、物主代词或数词时，不用冠词。This is his book.  I can speak English .

○9 不用冠词的惯用语。At night / on food / go to town / at home / in class / at work 等。

(三)形容词

1.形容词的构成。

○1 简单形容词由一个单词构成。Good, long, green, large, bright, interesting, surprised, learned, developing, sleeping .

○2 复合形容词由一个以上的词构成。20-minute, second-hand, 500-word, 8-year-old, three-legged, round-trip, part-time, good-looking.

2.形容词的用法。

○1 修饰名词作定语。She is a beautiful girl .

○2 作表语。He is very strong.

○3 作宾语补足语。Let the door open.    You must keep your classroom clean .

○4 “定冠词+形容词”表示一类人或物，在句子中可作主语或宾语。We should speak to the old politely.

○5 大多数形容词既可作表语又可作定语，但少数形容词只能作表语，不能作定语。如：asleep, ill, awake 等。

○6 有些形容词只能作定语而不能作表语。如：many, little, wooden, golden 等。

3.形容词的位置。

○1 形容词通常放在它所修饰的名词的前面。A heavy box.

○2 与表示度量的词连用，形容词要放在它所修饰词语的后面。3 metre long.   12 kilometer away .

○3 与不定代词something, anything, everything, nothing 等连用时，可以放在这些词之后。  Something important .    nothing serious .

○4 当名词前有多个形容词修饰时，一般按下面的词序排列：   冠词(包括物主代词、序数词、基数词)-描述形容词(brave, beautiful)-表示形状(大小、长短、高矮)的形容词-表示年龄或新旧的形容词-表示颜色的形容词-表示国籍、出处或来源的形容词-表示材料、物质的形容词-表示用途或类别的形容词-被修饰的词。My nice small brown leather bag .   those large round black wooden tables .

4.形容词的比较级和最高级。(一般加 er / est ，不规则见表)

○1 原级的用法：“……和……相同”

A. 肯定句：A + 动词 + as + 形容词原级 + as + B .   He is as tall as me .

B.  否定句：A… + not as +形容词原级 + as + B (即A 不如 B 那么…)

A… + not so +形容词原级 + as + B  = A…+ less + 形容词原级+than + B .

○2 比较级的用法：

A. A + 动词 + 形容词的比较级 + than + B . (A 比B 更… ，在这种句型中，比较级前面可用 much, even, still, a little, a bit, a lot, any, far 等修饰，表示“…得多”，“甚至…”，“更…”，“…一点儿”。

B. “比较级 + and + 比较级”、 “more and more + 部分双音节或多音节的原级” 译为“越来越…”。

○3 最高级的用法：(个体用-of ，范围用-in，最高级前面要用定冠词-the)

A. 三种最高级表示法。

最高级：Shanghai is the largest city in China .

比较级：Shanghai is larger than any other city in China . / Shanghai is larger than the other cities in China .

原级：  No other city is as large as Shanghai in China . / No other city is larger than Shanghai in China .

(四) 副词

1.副词的种类：

○1 时间副词：often, always, usually, early, ago, already, before, ever, late, now, soon, since, tomorrow, just now …

○2 地点副词：here, there, above, below, outside, anywhere, back, down, home, out, everywhere …

○3 方式副词：hard, well, badly, fast, slowly, angrily, simply, carefully …

○4 程度副词：very, quite, much, still, almost, little, too, enough …

○5 疑问副词：how, when, where, why …

○6 关系副词：when, where, why … (引导定语从句)

○7 连接副词：how, when, where, why, whether …

○8 频率副词：often, seldom, usually, never, sometimes, every day, always, hardly …

○9 其他副词：really, certainly, surely, maybe …

2.副词的用法：

○1 作状语 ： He can finish the work easily .

○2 作定语(要后置) ： The students here are from Harbin .

○3 作表语 ： I must be off now .

○4 作宾补，构成复合宾语 ： Show him up .      I saw him out with my sister last night .

3.副词的比较级和最高级。(一般加 er / est ,不规则见表)

○1 副词的原级：

A. as + 副词的原级 + as  “与…一样”

B. not as(so) + 副词的原级 + as  “与…不一样”

C. too + 副词的原级 + to do sth . “太…而不能”

D. so + 副词的原级 + that 从句 “如此…以致于…”

E. 副词的原级 + enough to do sth . “足够…能做…”

○2 副词的比较级：

A.A + 动词 + 副词比较级 + than + B

B.副词比较级前也可以用 much, even, still, far, any, a little, a bit, a lot 等修饰。

C.比较级 + and + 比较级，表示“越来越…”，the more … the more … 表示“越…就越…”

D.副词的最高级前通常不加定冠词 the .

(五)数词

1.基数词：

1-12 13-19 20-90 100-

1 one 13 thirteen 20 twenty 100 a hundred

2 two 14 fourteen 21 twenty-one 300 three hundred

3 three 15 fifteen 22 twenty-two 1,000 a thousand

4 four 16 sixteen 30 thirty 5,000 five thousand

5 five 17 seventeen 40 forty 1,000,000 a million

6 six 18 eighteen 50 fifty 1,000,000,000 a billion

7 seven 19 nineteen 60 sixty

8 eight  70 seventy

9 nine  80 eighty

10 ten  90 ninety

11 eleven

12 twelve

2.序数词：

1-10 11-19 20-90 100-

1 first 1st 11 eleventh 11th 20 twentieth 20th 100 one hundredth 100th

2 second 2nd 12 twelfth 12th 21 twenty-first 21st 103 one hundred and third 103rd

3 third 3rd 13 thirteenth 13th 30 thirtieth 30th 134 one hundred and thirty-fourth 134th

4 fourth 4th 14 fourteenth 14th 37 thirty-seventh 37th 200 two hundredth 200th

5 fifth 5th 15 fifteenth 15th 40 fortieth 40th 1000 one thousandth 1,000th

6 sixth 6th 16 sixteenth 16th 50 fiftieth 50th 1,000,000 one millionth 1,000,000th

7 seventh 7th 17 seventeenth 17th 60 sixtieth 60th 1,000,000,000 one billionth 1,000,000,000th

8 eighth 8th 18 eighteenth 18th 70 seventieth 70th

9 ninth 9th 19 nineteenth 19th 80 eightieth 80th

10 tenth 10th  90 ninetieth 90th

○1作主语：The first is better than the second .

○2 作宾语：He was among the first to arrive .

○3 作表语：He is the first to come to school .

○4 作定语：The ninth letter of the word “restaurant” is “n” ./ There are three thousand workers in the factory .

(六)代词

类   别 作       用 例         词 例          句

人称代词 代替人或事物，主格作主语，宾客作宾语    数

格  人称 单       数 复   数 I am a teacher .

They are students .

We all like him .

He gave the book to me .

一 二 三 一 二 三

主 格 I you he She  it  we you they

宾 格 me you him Her  it  us you them

物主代词 形容词性只作定语，名词性可以作主、宾、表语等，表示所属关系    词义

类型 我的 你

的 他的 她

的 它

的 我们的 你们的 他们

的 My book is there.

Her father is a worker.

This bike is yours, ours is broken .

形容词性 my your his her its our your their

名词词性 mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs

反身代词 起强调作用，只作同位语和宾语 数      人称 第一人称 第二人称 第三人称 We ourselves did the work.

He did the work by himself.

单  数 myself yourself himself herself itself

复  数 ourselves yourselves themselves

相互代词 表示相互关系，作宾语 宾        格 所  有  格 We should help each other.

Please correct each other’s mistakes .

each other(两者相互) each other’s(相互的)

one another(三者或三者以上) one another’s(相互的)

指示代词 起指示作用，作定语、主语、宾语、表语等 This, that, these, those, it, such, same  Take this book to his room.

My point is this .

不定代词 代替或修饰任何不定数量及不定范围的人或事物 some, any, no, none, many, few, little, all, both, every, one, either, neither, other, a few, a little, another, somebody, nobody, nothing, each I have something to tell you.

Neither answer is right.