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Grammar

Present perfect tense

Go over the news story on Page 2 and find the sentences using the present perfect tense.

Please explain why the tense is used in these sentences.

The uses of the present perfect tense

The disappearance of Justin (make)Kelly very unhappy.

has made

We use the present perfect tense to talk about things that happened in the recent past, but are connected to the present.

I (not see)Justin since last Friday night

.

have not seen

We also use the present perfect tense to talk about something that started in the past, and is still happening now.

Complete the following sentences with the proper tense.

1 We (study) English for about five years.

2 They (live) in the south since their daughter was born.

3 I (read) your article three times. It’s well written.

4 The student (finish) her homework already.

5 Eric (go) back to his hometown today.

6 The police (just finish)searching the area.

have studied

have lived

have read

has finished

has gone

have just finished

We use the present perfect tense when the exact time of an action is not clear or important. We use it with time expressions such as:

already ever for just lately never recently since yet

already,yet;for,since

We use already for affirmative statements and yet for negative statements.

We use for + a period of time and since + a point in time.

He has just gone out.(=He went out a few minutes ago.)

We use the present perfect tense here to tell others that he isn’t here now.

I have just heard the news.(Now I know the news.)

We use the present perfect tense to talk about actions that were completed only a short time ago. In this case, just is used. Pay attention to the position of just.

We can also use the present perfect tense for repeated actions, that is, we use the present perfect tense with the time expressions once/twice/three times…

Tom has rung up three times this morning.(Now it is still in the morning.)

Tom rang up three times this morning.(Now it is not still in the morning.)

Actions occurring in an incomplete period might be indicated by today or this morning /afternoon/evening/week/month/year/century or all day/night/week, all the time, always etc.

Look at the following sentences and point out what tense or tenses are used in them and the reasons why they are used.

1 We have studied English for about five years. We began to study it five years ago .

2 They moved to the south in 1990 and have lived there since then.

3 Eric left home last year and has just come back.

4 Justin has been away from home for several days. He disappeared last Friday.

5 They bought this house three years ago and they have lived here since then.

6 My brother went to see my grandpa last week. He has visited him three times this month.

The present perfect tense and the past simple tense

1 ‘ you my pen?’ ‘Yes, I it on your desk just now.’(see)

2 ‘ you dinner?’ ‘Yes, I it with Mary.’(have)

3 the postman yet this morning?

Did the postman come this morning?(come)

5 I him for a long time.

Hello! I (not)you were here in Nanjing. How long have you been here?(know)

Have seen

saw

Have had

had

Have come

have known

didn’t know

The present perfect tense is normally used for an action which lasts throughout an incomplete period, but with the past simple tense, we use time expressions which a fixed point in the past.

c.f.

We haven’t seen Justin for a week.(He is still missing.)

Justin disappeared last week.(It may mean that this week Justin is here.)

He has smoked since he left school.(He still smokes.)

He smoked for six months.(It means that he stopped smoking then.

Sometimes, however, the action finishes at the time of speaking.

It has been very cold lately but it’s just beginning to get warmer.

On meeting someone, you may say: I haven’t seen you for ages.(But I see you now.)

For a past action whose time is not definite and often has a result in the present.

1 Tom has had a bad car crash.(He’s probably still in hospital now.)

Tom had a bad car crash.(But he’s probably out of hospital now.)