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第一节(共15小题;每小题2分，满分30分)

A

Have you ever done something that was really dangerous just because you thought it was safe? Maybe you did a dangerous trick (杂耍动作) on your bicycle or skateboard because you were wearing a helmet (头盔) and thought you couldn't get hurt. The psychology (心理) of this sort of behavior is called the Peltzman Effect, named after Sam Peltzman, professor of economics at the University of Chicago. Peltzman believes that those moments when people think they are the safest are the times when they act most dangerously.

Peltzman said that people drove more dangerously when they wore seat belts (安全带). Driving a large four-wheel drive vehicle has a similar effect on drivers' behavior. Because drivers of large vehicles sit up higher and can see better, they feel they can make better judgments when they drive. They are better protected in accidents, so they act more dangerously. This makes driving more hazardous to other drivers.

The Peltzman Effect isn't just limited ( 限于) to driving. In 1972, the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) passed a law requiring child safety caps on most medicine bottles. The safety caps were designed to prevent children from accidentally  taking  the  medicine, especially painkillers such as aspirin. Requiring safety caps sounded like a great idea, but there was an unexpected side effect. Because the safety caps are so hard to take off, some people leave them off altogether. Worse, some parents leave the bottles where kids can reach them because they feel that it is safe because of the cap. A study on the Peltzman Effect showed that more than 3,500 children have been harmed by aspirin because of the safety caps.

The Peltzman Effect describes how we' re likely to take more risks and act more dangerously when we feel safest. What's more, the effects of these behaviors can be quite different from what

we expect.

1. What is the Peltzman Effect?

A. People feel safest when they are under protection.

B. People behave less safely when they feel safe.

C. People who act dangerously are likely to be together.

D. Something that seems dangerous turns out to be safe.

2. What does the underlined word "hazardous" in Paragraph 2 mean?

A. Expensive.     B. Interesting.   C. Important.     D. Dangerous.

3. Why do some people leave the safety caps of medicine bottles open?

A. The caps can' t be opened easily.

B. The caps don' t work at all.

C. The bottles without caps are less attractive to kids.

D. The bottles are out of the reach of children.

4. What would be the best title for the text?

A. Types of Decision Making

B. Unsafe Safety Measures

C. Different Behaviors of People in Danger

D. People' s Fear of Taking Risks

B

I had dressed quite nicely for my first day as a student at  St. Anne's College of Further Education. In celebration of this new beginning, I had changed my unusual clothes to formal clothing.

Like many young people my age, I was under the impression that the best way to show your personality was by wearing the kind of clothing that my mother considered was not fit to be seen in public. But for my first day as a student I had made an effort to look what my mother called ‘respectable’.

There were fifteen of us, sitting in the theatre hall, while the head of the drama department, Mr Wilson, gave us a warm welcoming speech. To my horror (恐惧), he then invited us to say why we had decided to do a drama course. I had no idea what I would say. The truth was that although I had a taste for unusual clothing, I was painfully shy.

My worry grew as it came closer to my turn. One by one, the new students excitedly explained their reasons. Then it was the turn of a girl who I hadn't really noticed until that moment because I was too busy thinking about what I would say.

‘My name’s Tracy and I'm from Blackburn’, she said, and then added no further information.

Everyone smiled politely in silence but I was impressed at her bravery in saying almost nothing even under pressure (压力). I relaxed, knowing that you could get away with saying so little about yourself. It gave me confidence.

After Mr Wilson at long last let us out of the hall to go to lunch, I managed to find the courage to go up to Tracy. She looked very unfriendly. Taking a deep breath, I introduced myself. To my surprise, she looked up at me and gave me a very bright, sweet smile. That was twenty-seven years ago, and although we never did become famous stars, we're still best friends.

5. Why did the author change her appearance for her first day at college?

A. She was under pressure from her mother.

B. She wanted to fit in with the other students.

C. She felt a need to dress properly.

D. She wanted to look like a great star.

6. According to Paragraph 3, the author               .

A. was not as active as she might have seemed

B. hated the head of her department

C. was unsure of her reasons for wanting to do the course

D. was afraid that she would find the course too hard

7. The author was nervous because                 .

A. she had never spoken in public

B. it was her turn to start first

C. she didn't know what to talk about

D. the other students were so excited

8. What does the underlined word "It" in Paragraph 5 refer to?

A. Tracy also seemed extremely worried.

B. All attention was on Tracy.

C. The other students reacted politely to Tracy.

D. Tracy hadn't said very much.