【2012年高考命题预测】

定语从句也是高考英语的重要语法，是历年考查的热点。2012年高考对定语从句的考查主要体现在：1、关系代词that和which的区别;2、关系代词which和as的区别;3、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句;4、定语从句与其他从句的区别。

【重难点突破】

【概述】定语从句是一种作定语用的从句，修饰主句中的一个名词或代词;定语从句所修饰的词叫做先行词。

⒈ 定语从句要跟在先行词的后面。

⒉ 定语从句可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两种。

⒊ 引导定语从句的关系词有两种：

关系代词：that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等

关系副词：when, where, why 等

⒋ 关系词的作用：引导定语从句;代替先行词;在定语从句中作成分。

一、 定语从句中关系词的使用：

⒈ 如果修饰人，一般用关系代词who, whom, whose 或that。在定语从句中作主语的一般用who或that, 作宾语的一般用whom, who或that, 作定语并具有物主性质的用whose。(在定语从句中作宾语的关系代词可省略)关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

(2011•四川卷)17.The school shop,      customers are mainly students, is closed few the holidays.【B】

A.which     B.whose     C.when     D.where[来源:Zxxk.Com]

(2011•福建卷)24.She has a gift for creating an atmosphere for her students ____ allows them to communicate freely with each other.【A】

A.which    B.where   C.what     D.who

⒉ 如果修饰事物，用关系代词which 和that，作宾语时可省略。作介词宾语时，如果介词位于关系代词之前，则用which (不能省) ，而不用that(关系代词that既能代人，又能代物)。whose也可用来指物(此时可用of which来代替)，在定语从句中作定语。

(2011•全国新课标卷)31.The prize will go to the writer    story shows the most imagination.【C】

A.that     B.which      C.whose      D.what

(2011•江西卷)34.She showed he visitors around the museum, the construction______ has taken more than three years.【C】

A.for which   B.with which    C.of which   D.to which

3. when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，有时也可用介词+which来代替。

(2011•天津卷)10.The days are gone _____ physical strength was all you needed to make a living.【A】

A.when   B.that     C.where    D.which[来源:学科网ZXXK]

4. where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语，有时也可用介词+which来代替。

(2011•陕西卷)11.I walked up to the top of the hill with my friend,     we enjoyed a splendid view of the lake.  【B】

A.which   B.where    C.who   D.that

5. why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语，常可用for+ which来代替。

Do you know the reason why/for which he came so late?

判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词;而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. 这是我去年呆过的山村。

I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.我永远不会忘记与你共事的日子。

判断改错：

(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.

(错) I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.

(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited la st year.

(对) I'll never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.

习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

例1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?

A. where　B. that　 C. on which　 D. the one

例2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.

A. where　B. that　 C. on which　　D. the one

答案：例1 D，例2 A

例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.

例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.

在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。

而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose); 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。

二、 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句与主句的关系密切，对先行词有修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句的意义将不完整或失去意义;非限制性定语从句与主句的关系不太密切，只对先行词有附加说明作用，如去掉，主句的意思仍完整;限制性定语从句和主句之间不用逗号分开，修饰的先行词可是名词，名词词组或代词;而非限制性定语从句常用逗号和主句隔开，可修饰主句的某一个词，也可以修饰整个句子。另外，在关系词的使用上：限制性定语从句作宾语时可以省略，在非限制性定语从句中不可省略;限制性定语从句中可用that，而非限制性定语从句中不可使用that。

(2011•浙江卷)8.English is a language shared by several diverse cultures ,each of____ uses it somewhat differently .【A】

A.which     B.what   C.them   D.those

(2011•湖南卷)25.Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of  ____ she spoke fluently. 【C】

A.who   B.whom    C.which    D.that

(2010重庆)28. In china, the number of cities is increasing ________development is recognized across the world. 【C】

A. where   B. which C. whose    D. that

(10全国Ⅱ)16. I refuse to accept the blame for something _____was someone else’s fault. 【B】

A. who   B. that   C. as   D. what

定语从句的常见考点：

⒈ one of + the +复数名词　后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况：

跟定语从句所靠近的那个复数名词在数上保持一致，通常用复数。但如果这一结构前面有the only之类的限定语，后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式。

This is one of the books that are required for study at school.

He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.

⒉ 定语从句中用that而不用which的情况：

1)、先行词是不定代词时，如：everything, anything, any, something, little, much等。

We should do all that is useful to the people.

2)、先行词被all, every, no, some, any, much等词修饰时。

I have read all the books that you gave me.　。

3)、先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰时。

This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.

4)、先行词被the only, the very, the same, the last修饰时。

This is the very book that I want to find.

5)、先行词既有人又有物时。

They are talking about the factory, the leaders and the workers that they visited yesterday.

6)、主句是以who 或which 开头的疑问句时。

Who is the person that is standing at the gate?

7)、关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时。

My hometown is no longer the place that it used to be.

⒊ 定语从句中宜用which而不用that 的情况：

1)、当关系代词前面有介词时。

Is this the room in which he lives?

2)、在非限制性定语从句中。

(2011•浙江卷)8.English is a language shared by several diverse cultures ,each of____ uses it somewhat differently .【A】

A.which  B.what     C.them    D.those

3)、当关系代词后面有插入语时。

Here is the English grammar book which, as I had told you, will help improve your English.

在一个句子中有两个定语从句，其中一个定语从句的关系词用了that，另一个宜用which。

Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly opened to us.

给你看看我从新开放的图书馆借来的一本小说。

⒋ 关系代词as 和which的选用：

在形式上as引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，也可位于主句的前面，而which引导的非限制性定语从句可位于主句的后面，不能位于主句的前面;在意义上，as定语从句和主句的关系一般为一致关系，常译为“正如…，就象…”，而which定语从句和主句的关系是因果关系，或which从句是对主句的评论。

The room hasn’t been cleaned for weeks, which makes it  very dirty.

He was late again, as we had expected.　　他又迟到了，正如我们所料。

另外，在such…as…, the same…as…, as…as, so…as等结构中，as引导定语从句，此时不能用which代替。(这种定语从句常采用省略形式)

I have never seen such a lazy man as you.我从来没见过你这样懒的人。

Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.　这个大石块太大没人能把它举起来。

⒌ 先行词为situation、case、occasion、point时，常用where引导定语从句。

Can you point out a situation where this word can be used?　你能指出这个单词使用的场合吗

You have got to the point where a change is needed.　你已经发展到非改不可的地步了。

⒍ 关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，谓语动词要和先行词的性、数保持一致。

(2011•山东卷)32.The old town has narrow streets and small houses _____are built close to each other.【D】

A.they   B.where C.what   D.that

⒎ 定语从句中不要重复了关系代词或关系副词所替代的部分。

误：Thi s is the place that I have visited it.

这就是我参观过的那个地方。

应去掉it, 因that 代替先行词the place 在定语从句中作visit的宾语，再加it就是多余的了。

⒏ 定语从句中不要加多余的关系副词或介词。

误：The house where he lives in needs repairing.

应删去关系副词where, 因为where在这里的意思是in which, 否则介词in就重复了。或保留where, 删去从句里的in.

由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句

1. 由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句主要用于正式文体，在非正式文体中通常将介词放至句末。如：This is the man to whom I referred. 我指的就是这个人。This is the man (whom) I referred to. 我指的就是这个人。

2. 直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词which不能换成that，直接用于介词后作宾语的关系代词whom不能换成who。但若介词用于句末，则用作宾语的which, whom也可换成that, who，或者省略不同。如：这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。(which不能换成that，也不能省略)This is a subject which we have talked about a lot. 这是一个我们讨论了许多的问题。(which可以换成that，也可以省略)

3. 关系副词when, where, why根据情况有时可换成“介词+关系代词which”。如： That is the day when [=on which] he was born. 那就是他出生的日子。That is the house where [=in which] he lived. 那就是他住过的房子。That is the reason why [=for which] he must apologize. 那就是他必须道歉的原因。4. 在很正式的文体中，“介词

4. +关系代词”引导的定语从句可紧缩成“介词+关系代词+不定式”结构。如：在那儿孩子们有个玩耍的花园。正：There the children had a garden in which to play. (很正式)正：There the children had a garden in which they could play. (较正式)正：There the children had a garden to play in. (较口语化)注：这类“介词+关系代词++不定式”结构中的介词不能没有，也不能放在句末。如不能说There the children had a garden which to play in.

定语从句关系词省略的6种情形