初二英语下学期期末备考知识点复习:语法

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2016-06-20

每天坚持整理知识点,到考试时才能方便复习。威廉希尔app 为大家整理了初二英语下学期期末备考知识点复习,供大家参考阅读。

(UNIT1)现在完成时的重点和难点

一、现在完成时的"完成用法"和"未完成用法"

1.现在完成时的"完成用法"

现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。例如:He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。

(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)

现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。

例如: Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?

2.现在完成时的"未完成用法"

现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。

例如:He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。)

I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。)

此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far到目前为止)等。

例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。

注意:(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。

(2)现在完成时常见两种句型:

①主语+have / has been+for短语

②It is+一段时间+ since从句

例如:He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了。

3、延续性动词和终止性动词的概念

英语中,动词按其动作发生的方式、动作发生过程的长短,可分为延续性动词和终止性动词。

延续性动词表示能够延续的动作,这种动作可以延续下去或产生持久影响。如:learn, work, stand, lie, know, walk, keep, have, wait, watch, sing, read, sleep, live, stay等。

终止性动词也称非延续性动词、瞬间动词或短暂性动词,表示不能延续的动作,这种动作发生后立即结束。如open, close, finish, begin, come, go, arrive, reach, get to, leave, move, borrow,buy等。

4、延续性动词的用法特征

1.延续性动词可以用于现在完成时,其完成时态可与表示"段时间"的状语连用。表示"段时间"的短语有:for two years, during the past three years, since last year, how long等。如:I have learned English since I came here.自从我来到这儿就学英语了。

2.延续性动词不能与表示短暂时间的"点时间"状语连用。如:It raind at eight yesterday morning.(误) rain为延续性动词,而at eight表示"点时间",前后显然矛盾。如果用延续性动词表示一瞬间的动作,可以借助come, begin, get等终止性动词来表示。上句可改为:It began to rain at eight yesterday morning.(正)又如:

-When did you get to know Jack? -Two years ago.

-Then you've known each other for more than two years. -That's right.

5、终止性动词的用法特征

1.终止性动词可用来表示某一动作完成,因此可用于现在完成时。如:

The train has arrived.火车到了。

Have you joined the computer group? 你加入电脑小组了吗?

2.终止性动词表示的动作极其短暂,不能持续。因此,不可与表示一段时间的状语连用(只限肯定式)。如:

(1)他死了三年了。 误:He has died for three years.

正:He has been dead for three years. 正:He died three years ago.

正:It is three years since he died. 正:Three years has passed since he died.

(2)他来这儿五天了。 误:He has come here for five days.

正:He has been here for five days.  正:He came here five days ago.

正:It is five days since he came here. 正:Five days has passed since he came here.

(1)、(2)句中的die、come为终止性动词,不能与表示"段时间"的状语连用。那么,应如何正确表达呢?可以采用下面的四种方法:

(1)将句中终止性动词转换为相应的延续性动词,如上面两例中的第一种正确表达方式。下面列举几例:leave→be away, borrow→keep, buy→have, begin/start→be on, die→be dead, move to→live in, finish→be over, join→be in/be a member of, open sth.→keep sth. open, fall ill→be ill, get up→be up, catch a cold→have a cold。

(2)将句中表示"段时间"的状语改为表示过去确定时间的状语,如下面两例中的第二种正确表达方式。

(3)用句型"It is+段时间+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第三种正确表达方式。

(4)用句型"时间+has passed+since..."表达原意,如上面两例中的第四种正确表达方式。

3.终止性动词可用于现在完成时否定式中,成为可以延续的状态,因而可与表示一段时间的状语连用。如: He hasn't left here since 1986. I haven't heard from my father for two weeks.

4.终止性动词的否定式与until/till连用,构成"not+终止性动词+until/till ..."的句型,意为"直到......才......"。如:You can't leave here until I arrive.直到我到了,你才能离开这里。

I will not go to bed until I finish drawing the picture tonight.

今天晚上直到我画完画,我才上床睡觉。

5.终止性动词可以用于when引导的时间状语从句中,但不可以用于while引导的时间状语从句中。when表示的时间是"点时间"(从句谓语动词用终止性动词),也可以是"段时间"(从句谓语动词用延续性动词)。而while表示的是一个较长的时间或过程,从句谓语动词用延续性动词。如:When we reached London, it was twelve o'clock. (reach为终止性动词)

Please look after my daughter while/when we are away. (be away为延续性动词短语)

6.终止性动词完成时不可与how long连用(只限于肯定式)。如:

误:How long have you come here? 正:How long have you been here?

正:When did you come here?

二、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别

1. 一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述一件过去的事情,不强调对"现在"产生的影响。如:

He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只说明去桂林的时间)

2. 现在完成时表示动作发生在过去,对现在造成了影响或产生了结果。不与确定的过去时间状语连用。如:

Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了一台新电脑。(着重点是现在有了一台新电脑)

3. 两种时态的区分

(1)一般过去时的谓语动词用过去式,而现在完成时的谓语基本构成是"助动词have /has +过去分词"。如:The film started at 7 o'clock. He has been a teacher for many years.

(2)一般过去时通常与表示过去的时间状语连用。如:yesterday, last week, two years ago, just now, in 2002等;而现在完成时则常与just, already, ever, never等副词和these days, this week, since..., for...等表示一段时间的状语连用。

看看以下的几组句子,有什么区别?① Have you seen the film?(A) Did you see the film?(B)

[说明] 你看过这部电影吗?(A)句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解;(B)句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发生过,并不强调是否知道其内容。

② How has he done it?(A)  How did he do it?(B)

[说明]他是怎么做的这件事?(A)句强调的是他做这件事的方式对现在产生了某种影响;

(B)句单纯的询问做这件事的方式。

③ He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.(A)  He lived in Beijing for 8 years.(B)

[说明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句讲的是到目前为止他在北京住了8年,可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年,现在不在北京了。

三、现在完成时考点例析

现在完成时是较难掌握、中考考查较多的时态。涉及的考点有:

一、考查其构成

"助动词have (has) +动词过去分词"构成现在完成时。如:

1. Kate's never seen Chinese films,____ ? A. hasn't she B. has she C. isn't she D. is she

析:陈述句部分含否定词never,简略问句部分要用肯定式,又因Kate's是Kate has的缩写,故选B。

2. His uncle has already posted the photos to him. (改为否定句)

His uncle ______ posted the photos to him ______.

析:already常用在肯定句中,yet常用在否定句、疑问句中,故填hasn't, yet。

3. -Ann has gone to Shanghai. -So ______her parents. A. has B. had C. did D. have

析:"so+助/系/情态动词+主语"结构中的动词形式应与前句结构中动词形式保持一致,又后句的主语为her parents是复数,故选D。

二、考查其用法与标志词

(一)当句中有never, ever, just, already, yet, before等时,常用现在完成时。如:

1. -Mum, may I go out and play basketball?  -______you______ your homework yet?

A. Do; finish B. Are; finishing C. Did; finish D. Have; finished

2. -______ you ______anywhere before? -Yes, but I can't remember where I______

A. Did; surf; surfed B. Have; surfed; surfed

C. Did; surf; have surfed D. Have; surfed; have surfed

析:据yet和before可知,应用现在完成时,故1题选D,2题选D。

(二)当句中有"for +段时间"或"since +点时间"等时,主句常用现在完成时,谓语动词必须是延续性动词,若是非延续性动词,要改为延续性动词或表状态的词(短语)。如:

1. His brother has been to Stone Forest twice______he came to Yunnan.

A. after B. before C. since D. for

析:主句用的是现在完成时,而从句用的是一般过去时,故选C。

2. Tom______the CD player for two weeks.

A. has lent B. has borrowed C. has bought D. has had

析:A、B、C均为非延续性动词,在肯定句中不与表"段时间"的短语连用,故选D。

3. I______a letter from him since he left.

A. didn't receive B. haven't got C. didn't have D. haven't heard

析:据since可知,应排除A、C,"hear from sb.=receive/get/have a letter from sb."意为"收到某人的来信",故选B。

三、考查have/has been (to, in)/have/has gone (to)的区别。如:

1. -Have you ever______Lintong to see the Terra Cotta Warriors? -Yes, I have.

A. went to B. gone to C. been in D. been to

析:据句中的have,排除A,B项意为"去某地了",C项意为"一直呆在某地",D项意为"去过某地",符合题意,故选D。

2. My parents ______ Shangdong for ten years.

A. have been in B. have been to C. have gone to D. have been

析:本题句中有"for+段时间"结构,据此可排除C,B项意为"去过某地",不合题意,D项缺介词,故选A。

四、考查现在完成时与其他时态的联系和区别。如:

1. Sun's aunt has gone there for ten years.(改成正确的句子)

析:非延续性动词与"段时间"连用时,除了把非延续性动词改成延续性动词外,还可把动词改为一般过去时或借助句型"It's +段时间+since+从句"进行句子转换。故答案为:Sun's aunt has been there for ten years. /Sun's aunt went there ten years ago. /It's ten years since Sun's aunt went there.

2. Susan has been in this city for more than ten years.(改为同义句)

________more than ten years ____Susan ______to this city.

析:据上题分析,且since引导的从句要用一般过去时,故填It is, since, came。

3. I won't go to the concert because I ____my ticket.

A. lost B. don't lose C. have lost D. is coming

析:因我丢了票的动作发生在过去,而且对现在造成了我不能参加音乐会的结果,符合现在完成时所表示的含意,故选C。

(UNIT2)过去进行时

(注意when while as引导的时间状语从句。)

(UNIT3)被动语态复习"三步曲"

被动语态是动词语态的一种形式,表示主语是动作的承受者。在历年的中考题中,都有一定数量的考查被动语态的题目。因此,有必要对被动语态进行系统复习。

第一曲:掌握被动语态的结构

被动语态由"助动词+及物动词的过去分词"构成。不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在助动词be的变化上,同时助动词be还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。现将初中阶段常见的几种时态的被动语态总结如下:

1.一般现在时的被动语态:am/is/are+done(指及物动词的过去分词,下同)如:

English is used all over the world.

2.一般过去时的被动语态:was/were+done如: The picture was painted two years ago.

3.现在进行时的被动语态:am/is/are+being+done如: The flowers are being watered by them now.

4.现在完成时的被动语态:have(has)+been+done如:The room has been cleaned.

5.一般将来时的被动语态:will/be going to+be+done如: The work will be finished tomorrow.

6.含有情态动词的被动语态:情态动词+be+done如:Your homework must be handed in today. 其它几种特殊句型:

It is said that ........ It is well known that ....... It is reported that........

have sth done

标签:英语知识点

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