5、根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测

文章中的代词it, that, he, him 或them可以指上文提到的人或物，其中it和that还可以指一件事。有时代词指代的对象相隔较远，要认真查找;也有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结，才能得出代词所指代的事。例如：

Like Schmid, the editors of several self-published art magazines also champion (捍卫) found photographs. One of them, called simply Found, was born one snowy night in Chicago, when Davy Rothbard returned to his car to find under his wiper(雨刷) an angry note intended for someone else: “Why’s your car HERE at HER place?”

them指的是前面出现的self-published art magazines。

However, the question that “moon people” asked is still an interesting one. A growing number of scientists are seriously thinking about it.

it指的是月球人(moon people)所问的问题(the question)。

【考例】

(2008福建卷，A篇)58.The underlined word “that’’in the 5 th paragrath refers to_______ .

A. fifty weeks’ training B. being a good sprinter

C. training almost every day D.part motivation and part preparation

【解析】C。由that所在的第五段可知，训练使她成为短跑运动员，使她擅长马拉松，每年训练50周(几乎每天训练)使她为各种距离的赛跑做好准备，由此可知，that指“几乎每天训练”。

(2008辽宁卷，D篇)70. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 refer to?

A. A type of ice-salt mixture. B. A newly found protein.

C. Fish blood. D. Sugar molecule.

【解析】B。请看原文第5段：The scientists’ next research job was clear: Find out what in the fish’s blood kept it from freezing. Their search led to some really strange thing made up of a protein(蛋白质) never before seen in the blood of a fish. When it was removed, the blood froze at seawater temperature. When it was put back, the blood again had its antifreeze quality and a lowered freezing point. 代词it通常代替前文出现的名词或代词，根据上文出现的名词protein，再结合语境，it应该就是指这种特殊蛋白质。

6、根据同义关系进行猜测

当词或短语之间有并列连词and 或or时，其连接的两项内容在含义上是接近的或递进的，由此确定同等关系中的某个生词所属的义域，由此可推知其大致意思。

【考例】

(2007天津卷，A篇)38. The underlined word “compassion” in Paragraph 6 is the closest in meaning to ________.

A. pity B. praise C. support D. popularity

【点拨】A。快速阅读第六段的相关信息：“Rome has tried to protect fish more than anywhere else in the world. It stands out for recognizing that fish are interesting animals who deserve(值得)over respect and compassion every bit as much as dogs and cats and other animals,” said Karin Robertson, a director of the People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals.由并列连词and可知compassion与respect是同义(近义)词，从文章传达的信息可知，罗马比世界上其它地方更注重保护鱼类，认为鱼类像猫、狗以及其它动物一样应该得到尊重和“怜惜”。与respect意义相近的词是pity。

7、根据转折或对比关系进行猜测

根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise等就可以看到前后句在意义上的差别，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或不相干的意义。例如：

A child’s birthday party doesn’t have to be a hassle; it can be a basket of fun.

从前后两句的意思可以看出，hassle和a basket of fun肯定是近乎相反的意义。所以不难判断hassle的意思是“困难，麻烦”。

She is usually prompt for all her class, but today she arrived in the middle of her first class.

but一词表转折，因此but 前后的意思正好相反。后半句的意思是她今天“第一节上了一半才来”，因此反向推理，可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。

【考例】

(2008江苏卷，A篇) 56. The underlined word “ally” in Para. 3 most likely means somebody or something that is ______.

A. your slave and serves you B. your supporter and helps you

B. under your control and obeys you D. under your influence and follows you

【解析】B。请看原文：We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally. 前一句说“外面可以让时间流逝或让它成为外面的敌人”，下面一句由or引出，表示相反的意思，即：我们可以控制时间，让时间成为我们的朋友来支持我们。

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