疑问代词 表示疑问，构成特殊问句 who, what, whose, which, whom Whom did you see ?

关系代词 引导定语从句 which, that, who, whom, whose The book that I lost was new.

连接代词 引导名词性从句(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句) what, who, that  I know what you are doing .

That’s what I hope .

(七)动词

类        别 意        义 例        子 例         句

行为动词 含有实在的意义，表示动作或状态，在句中能独立作谓语。 及物动词 后面一定接宾语 Open, visit, hear … He visited Gaozhou yesterday.

不及物动词 后面可以不接宾语 Laugh, cry, live … He lives in Beijing .

连系动词(link v) 本身有一定的词义，但不能独立作谓语，必须与表语一起构成谓语。 Be, become, grow, get, turn, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, seem …  The meat smells bad .

He is a student .

助动词(v.aux.) 本身没有词义，不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定、疑问、时态或其他语法形式 Do, does, did, am, is, are, have, has, had, shall, will, should, would … He doesn’t speak English .

We are playing football .

He had gone to Beijing .

情态动词(Modal Verbs) 本身有一定的意义，但不能独立作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示说话人的语气和情态。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。 Can, may, must, should, need, dear, shall, will, have to … She can speak English .

May I speak to Ann, please、

We must go now .

注：动词(除情态动词，只有原形和过去式)有原形、第三人称单数、动词-ing、动词过去式、动词过去分词五种形式。

(八)介词

1.介词的种类：

○1 简单介词：in, at, of, from, since, around, to …

○2 合成介词：onto, into, without, upon, within …

○3 短语介词：because of, in front of, according to …

○4 分词介词：regarding, following, concerning …

2.介词短语在句子中的作用：

○1 作定语。I know the answer to the question .

○2 作状语。The children are playing basketball in the playground .

○3 作表语。Mike is in the classroom .

○4 作宾语补足语。He found himself in the middle of the river .

○5 作主语补足语。Tom was seen inside the cinema .

3.常用介词的基本用法：

○1 表示时间的介词(at, in, on, for, since, after, by, during, before, from, to, until, within …)

○2 表示位置，方位的介词(in, at, on, to …)

○3 表示交通方式的常用介词(by, on, in …)

○4 其他一些词组搭配介词(be angry with/at/about sb/sth .  be strict with/in/ sb/sth …)

(九)连词

1.并列连词：

○1 表联合关系连词。(and, or, but, for, not only…but also, as well as, both…and…, neither…nor .)

○2 转折连词。(but, while, yet, however .)

○3 选择连词。(or, or else, either…or…, otherwise .)

2.从属连词：

○1 引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句的连用，主要有三个：that, whether, if .   I hear that he is a student .

○2 引导状语从句的从属连词：

A. 连接时间状语从句：when, before, after, while, as soon as, since, until, as, whenever, ever since …

B. 连接让步状语从句：although, though, even if, however …

C. 连接原因状语从句：as, because, since, now that, for …

D. 连接目的状语从句：that, so that, in order that …

E. 连接条件状语从句：if, unless, once, in case …

F. 连接结果状语从句：so…that, such…that …

G. 连接方式状语从句：as, as if, as though …

H. 连接地点状语从句：where .

I. 连接比较状语从句：as, as…as, not as/so …as, than …

(十)非谓语动词

1.定义：动词除在句子中作谓语以外，还具有名词、形容词及副词的性质，在句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语等，这就是动词的非谓语动词。可分为三种：动词不定式、分词和动名词。

2.动词不定式：to + 动词原形(在某些情况下可以不带to )。(没有人称和数的变化，可以有自己的宾语和状语，可以有时态和语态的变化)

○1 一般式：主动语态：to do  , 被动语态：to be + 动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)

○2 进行式：主动语态：to be doing , 被动语态：无   (表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)

○3 完成式：主动语态：to have +动词过去分词，被动语态：to have been +动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态在谓语动作之前就发生)

○4 用法：

A. 作主语：To learn a foreign language is not easy . = It’s not easy to learn a foreign language .

B.  作表语：The most important thing is to finish the work on time .

C.  作宾语：

a. 动词+to do . He decided to buy a new watch . (agree, choose, want, hope, like, wish, learn, love, plan, try, start, afford …)

b. 动词+疑问词+to do   I don’t know where to put the bike .

c. 动词+形式宾语(it)+宾补+to do   I find it important to learn a second foreign language .

D. 作补语：

a. 动词+宾语+to do  Tom asked me to show him the new shoes . (tell, wish, ask, want, like, beg, invite, allow, encourage…)

b. 动词+宾语+不带to的动词  He often saw Tom play football .(see, hear, feel, watch, notice, have, make, let…)

E.  作状语：

a. 表示目的：He went to Guangzhou to see his sons .  He got up early in order to catch the first bus .

b. 表示结果：He is too tired to walk any farther .   They aren’t old enough to go to school .

c. 表示原因：He is sorry to hear that .  I am glad to see you .

F.作定语：  I have something to tell you .     I want to buy something to eat .

○5 动词不定式to 的省略：

A. 在感官动词feel, hear, see, watch, notice 及使役动词have, let, make等后面要省to，但在变被动语态时要还原不定式to。

I often saw him go out of the room .-------- He was often seen to go out of the room by me .

B.在had better, would rather, do nothing but等后面常省to。

○6 动词不定式的否定形式：not + to do ，有时也可以用-never + to do 结构。

3.动名词：动词原形+ing 。具有名词、动词一些特征。

○1 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生或之后发生)

○2 完成式：主动语态：having +动词过去分词，被动语态：having been +动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状态之前就发生)Children enjoy watching animated cartoon .   I don’t remember having ever seen the film .

○3 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词(v-ing)  I regret not being able to help you .

○4 用法：

A. 作主语：

a. 动名词作主语如果太长，可以用形式主语it代替。Learning English is very important .--- It’s very important to learn English .

b. No + 动名词表示“禁止”。No smoking,  No parking .

B. 作宾语：He finished doing his homework .

C. 作表语：His favourite sport is playing basketball .

D. 作定语：shopping basket, finishing line . (表明名词的用途、功能等)

E. 动名词的复合结构：名词所有格、形容词物主代词+动名词。Do you mind my / Wei Fang’s opening the window ?

4.分词：动词原形+ing 。具有形容词、副词和动词一些特征。(可分为现在分词、过去分词)

现在分词

○1 一般式：主动语态：doing ，被动语态：being + 动词过去分词(表示动作或状态与谓语动词的动作或状态同时发生)

○2 完成式：主动语态：having +动词过去分词，被动语态：having been +动词过去分词 (表示动作或状态在谓语动词的动作或状

态之前就发生)

○3 动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词(v-ing)  No understanding the meaning of the words, he couldn’t explain the sentence .

○4 用法：

A. 作表语。The result is surprising .

B.  作定语。Developing country (主谓关系)   sleeping boy (boy 所做的动作)

C.  作状语。Passing by the house, he saw a girl playing the piano . = when he was passing by the house , he saw a girl playing the piano .

D. 作宾补。I found him lying on the grass.

过去分词

○1 形式：规则动词+ed，和不规则动词的过去分词。

○2 过去分词的否定形式：not + 动词过去分词。

○3 用法：

A. 作表语：My bike is broken .   He is very worried .

B.  作定语：developed country, fallen leaves, spoken English .

C.  作状语：Asked why he was absent, he said he was ill . = When he was asked why he was absent, he said he was ill .

D. 作宾补：You had better have your shoes mended .  I had my hair cut yesterday .

(十一)动词的语态

1. 语态定义：英语中表示主语和谓语之间的关系的动词形式称为语态。英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。We teach English in our school .(主动)  English is taught in our school .(被动)

2. 被动语态：助动词Be + 及物动词的过去分词(be +p.p.)，be有人称、时态和数的变化。见下表：

时    态 谓语动词的形式 例                   子