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拖延行为的心理学分析

2012-11-02

人们对拖延现象的研究,可以套用著名心理学家艾宾浩斯的一句话即“有一个漫长的过去却只有一个短暂的历史”。从目前拖延研究的现状来看,主要存在以下不足,这些不足也可以看作是未来研究的方向。

首先,目前关于拖延的研究主要集中在特质拖延上,对状态拖延研究得很少。我们需要知道情境以及任务的特征、个体对任务的知觉等变量对拖延行为有何影响,这对建立拖延行为干预模型是非常重要的。

其次,目前关于拖延的研究主要是针对大学生学业拖延行为的,样本和行为种类都是很有限的。只有个别研究对日常生活中的拖延行为,如是否及时交付账单,是否及时返回问卷做了调查,有关工作场所的拖延行为研究尚未见到[15]。

第三,现有研究针对的是个体的拖延行为,没有考虑群体对个体行为的影响。拖延在群体水平上是否存在?群体对其成员的拖延行为具有调节作用吗?在本质上,拖延是否与社会性懒散(social loafing)相同?这些都是值得探讨的问题。

第四,拖延与表现的关系怎样?虽然有研究表明拖延与学业成绩有显著的负相关[16-17],但拖延对表现的影响是直接的,还是通过严谨性、自我效能等因素产生间接影响还不清楚。有研究证明严谨性和自我效能对表现有显著的预测作用[14],拖延与严谨性和自我效能也存在负相关,这可能就意味着拖延对表现有预测作用。但这种关系反过来也可能成立,即差的表现引起焦虑、抑郁、低自我效能和低严谨性,为避免这些负面结果带来高的拖延倾向。由于现有研究多是相关性质的研究,很难对拖延与表现的因果关系做出判断。

第五,关于拖延的测量问题,目前大多数研究都是采用自陈式量表,对于拖延行为和拖延倾向或是对拖延的感觉实在是难以区分,也无法回答时间对拖延的影响问题。因此建议未来研究可采用实验法、事件样本法以及纵向研究设计来弥补现时研究的不足。

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