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剖析语篇的意向性及其作用

2012-12-27

为了更好地理解这一特性,我们可以看看下面这段话:

In allEngland.I do not believe that Icould have fixed on a situation SO com pletely removed from thestirofsociety.Yesterdayafternoon setin misty and cold.I thought。if I had caused the cloud,itwas my duty tO m akean efforttO dispel it.The businessofeating being concluded,and no oneuttering aword ofsociableconversation,Iap—proached awindow tO examinetheweather.

从这个例子中我们可以明显地感觉到,在这四句话组成的段落中每一句都能完整地表达一个意思,但是如果组合到一块就会很不和谐。一会儿说我的想法,一会儿又转向了天气,后来又说明了我的行为动作。在意思上不相衔接连贯,所以整体并不能表达一个完整的交际意图以至让人无法接受。但是如果把每一句话分开来看,每句都可以在各自特定的情景之下用来表明说话者或作者的意图。因此可以说单个句子拆开来看都可以算作语篇,因为它们各自具有意向性。意向性作为说话者或作者的意图是判断篇章与否的一个有效手段。

二、意向性在语篇分析中的作用

由于每一个称其为语篇的东西,都带有一定的意向性,那么把握好意向性能为我们更好的分析语篇的意义做出指导。例如:

1、A PrisonerPlansH isEscape Rocky slow ly gotup from the mat,planning hisescape.He hesitated a moment and thought. Things were not going wel1.W hat bothered him mostwasbeing held,especiallysincethechargea—gainsthim hadbeenweak.H econsidered hispres—entsituation.Thelock thatheld him was strong,buthe thoughthe could break it.

2、A W restlerin aTightCorner  Rocky slowly gotup from the mat,planninghis escape.H e hesitated a mom entand thought.Things were notgoing wel1.W hat bothered him mostas being held,especially since the chargea—gainsthim had been weak.Heconsideredhispres—entsituation.The lock thatheld him wasstrong,buthethoughthecould break it.

这两段的内容完全相同,但是标题不同。在阅读文字之前,我们首先看到的是标题先为内容界定了一个意图假设。接下来再读具体内容时,由于对意向性预测的不同,对两段相同的文字便有了不同的理解。例1中我们会认为Rocky被警察逮捕了,现在他独自一个人呆在囚室中,但他不愿意呆在里面,谋划着打开门锁逃走。而在例2中,我们则认为Rocky不是独自一人呆在囚室中,与警察毫不相干,他是一个摔跤手,正在比赛,现在他被对方擒住,正在谋划挣脱出来。

为了实现说话者的意图,语篇在形式和意义上应该具有一定的连贯性。但是有时看似不很连贯的语篇,由于其意向性的一致性,也可以为我们所接受。例如:”Well,sir,”saidtheconstable,”heS them an wewerein search of,thafstrue;andyet he'snottheman wewereinsearchof.Fortheman we werein search ofwasnotthem an we wanted,sir,ifyou understand my everyday way.”