分词独立结构的功能
1)它在句中作状语，表示谓语动作的时间，原因伴随情况，方式方法条件等
a. The question being settled, we signed the contract.
b. It being sunny, we went out for a walk.
c. The rain having stopped, the soldiers continued their march.
d. Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.
(分词)独立结构的构成
(1)名/ 代+ 分词：
a. They walked in the garden, little birds singing happily in the tree.
b. The old man was sitting at the table, the newspaper spread before him.
c. It being rainy, they had to call off their trip.
(2)省去being或分词 后，由n. / pron.+adj. / adv. / 介词短语构成。
He entered the room, his nose (being)red with cold.
The meal (being)over, he went to his office again.
He stood in doorway, a hat (held)in his hand.
Club (held/being) in hand, the policeman ran after the thief.
(3)with / without 引导的独立结构，有时有分词，有时无分词，但可看作省略了分词being.
She left the room with the candle burning on the table.
He wandered in without shoes or socks on.
分词的否定结构
否定：not + 分词
a. Not knowing what to do, she went to the professor for help.
b. I left at noon, not staying for lunch.
分词的时态
(1) 现在分词的一般式表示与谓语动词的动作同时或相继发生。
a. Working together with Dr. White, we learnt a lot from him.
b. Knowing that they were going to the factory next week, the students began to make preparations.
c. He came up to me, saying “Glad to see you again”.
(2) 现分的完成式，表示动作发生在谓语之前，常用作状语表时间或原因。
a. Having watered the vegetables, the women took a short rest.
b. Not having done it right, I tried again.
c. Having finished his homework, the schoolboy began to play video games.
分词的语态
(3) 现在分词的被动语态：being done. 表示某一被动动作在讲话时正在发生，或与谓语动作同时发生。having been done表示动作发生在谓语之前。常用作状语表时间或原因。
a. Who is the patient being operated on?
b. You will find the matter being talked about all over the town.
c. Having been told that some guests were coming, they got the rooms ready.
例句：
1)选择正确的职业对一个人来说非常关键。
Choosing a right career is vital to a person.
2)戒烟十分必要因为吸烟有害健康。
Giving up smoking / getting rid of smoking is very necessary because smoking is harmful to health.
3)培养良好的生活习惯对于一个孩子的成长至关重要。
Developing / cultivating good living habits is critical for a child's development / growth.
4)守时是一个好的品德。
Being punctual is a good quality / virtue.
5)热爱祖国是每个公民的义务/责任。
Loving the motherland is every citizen's duty / responsibility.
6)住在乡村比住在城市更好。
Living in the country / countryside is better than / preferable to living in the city.
7)住在城市比住在农村更方便。
Living in the city is more convenient than living in the country.
8)拥有私车也会带来/导致一些问题。
Owning a private car will also bring about / lead to some problems.
9)婚后和父母同住会有许多不便。
Living with parents after getting married may give rise to / result in / lead to / bring about many inconveniences.
10)学好英语不是一件容易的事。
Learning English well is no easy job.
11) 我们可以从参加社会活动中受益。
We can benefit greatly from taking part in social activities.
12)代沟通常是因不能彼此理解而造成的。
Generally speaking, generation gaps are resulted from not being able to understand each other.