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英译汉：BusinessofGreen:Anappealtoslowdownonbiofuel（2008年4月15日纽约时报）
LastFridayanadvisorypaneltotheEuropeanEnvironmentAgencyissuedanextraordinaryscientificopinion:TheEuropeanUnionshouldsuspenditsgoalofhaving10percentoftransportationfuelmadefrombiofuelby2020.
TheEuropeanUnion’sbiofueltargetswereincreasedandextendedfrom5.75percentby2010to10percentby2020justlastyear.Still,Europe’swell-meaningrushtobiofuels,thescientistsconcluded,hadproducedaslewofharmfulrippleeffects-fromdeforestationinSoutheastAsiatohigherpricesforgrains.
Inarecommendationreleasedlastweekend,the20-memberpanel,madeupofsomeofEurope’smostdistinguishedclimatescientists,calledthe10percenttarget"overambitious"andan"experiment"whose"unintendedeffectsaredifficulttopredictanddifficulttocontrol."
"Theideawasthatwefeltweneededtoslowdown,toanalyzetheissuecarefullyandthencomebackattheproblem,"LaszloSomlyody,thepanel’schairmanandaprofessorattheBudapestUniversityofTechnologyandEconomics,saidinatelephoneinterview.
Hesaidthatpartoftheproblemwasthatwhenitsetthetargets,theEuropeanUnionwastryingdesperatelytosolvetheproblemofrisingtransportationemissions"inisolation,"withoutadequatelystudyingtheeffectsofothersectorslikelanduseandfoodsupply.
"Thestartingpointwascorrect:I’mhappythattheEuropeanUniontooktheleadincuttinggreenhousegassesandweneedtocontroltrafficemissions,"Somlyodysaid."Butthebasicproblemisitthoughtoftransportalone,withoutconsideringalltheseothereffects.Andwedon’tunderstandthoseverywellyet."
Thepanel’sadviceisnotbindinganditisnotclearwhethertheEuropeanCommissionwillfollowtherecommendation.
Ithasbecomeincreasinglyclearthattheglobalpursuitofbiofuels-encouragedbyarashoftargetsandsubsidesinbothEuropeandtheUnitedStates-hasnotproducedthedesiredeffect.
Investigationshaveshown,forexample,rainforestsandpeatswamparebeingclearedtomakewayforbiofuelplantations,aprocessthatproducesmoreemissionsthanthebiofuelscansave.Equallyconcerning,landneededtoproducefoodforpeopletoeatisplantedwithmoreprofitablebiofuelcrops,andwaterisdivertedfromthedrinkingsupply.
InEuropeandtheUnitedStates,foodpricesforitemslikepizzaandbreadhaveincreasedsignificantlyasgrainstoresshrinkandwheatpricesrise.
Thepriceofwheatandricearedoublethoseofayearago,andcornisathirdhigher,theUNFoodandAgricultureOrganizationsaidthisweek.
"Foodpriceinflationhitsthepoorhardest,astheshareoffoodintheirtotalexpendituresismuchhigherthanthatofwealthierpopulations,"saidHenriJosserandoftheFoodandAgricultureOrganization.
Biofuelsarenot,ofcourse,theonlyreasonforhighfoodprices.Fueltotransportfoodismoreexpensivewithoilmorethan$100abarrel.Therehavebeenunexpecteddroughtsthisyearaswell.
Buttherushtomeetbiofuelstargetshasputour"need"todriveacartothemallindirectcompetitionwiththeneedtoeatinsomeofthepoorestcountriesintheworld.
AglobalanalysisperformedbyforestryexpertsattheAustralianInternationalInstituteforAppliedSystemsAnalysis,ascientificstudygroup,foundthatbiofuelswere"inconflictwiththereductionofdeforestation"andalsohadnegativeeffectsonfarmingintensityandfoodsecurity.
Italsoconcludedthattherushtomakebiofuelsfromcropslikecorn,soyandrapeseeddidnotdomuchtoreduceglobalgreenhousegassesanyway,producingan"ambiguouseffectongreenhousegasemissions."Thisispartlybecauseoflandusechangesliketheclearingofforestsandpartlybecausetheprocessofconvertingplantsintofueltakesalotofenergyitself.
TheEuropeanUnionstartedpromotingbiofuelsforuseintransportationin2003asemissionsfromroadtransportationhadbeengrowingrapidly.
Itrequiredthat2percentoftransportfuelcomefrombiofuelby2005and5.75percentby2010.Thefirstgoalwasnotmetandthe2010goalisexpectedtobemissedaswell.Evenso,thegoalwasraisedto10percentby2020,raisingthepressureforcountriestocomply.
Shouldweconcludethatallbiofuelsarebad?
No.Butmotivatedbytheobviousproblemsnowemerging,scientistshavebeguntotakeaharderlookattheirbenefits.
Forexample,theEuropeanEnvironmentAgencyadvisorypanelsuggeststhatthebestuseofplantbiomassisnotfortransportfuelbuttoheathomesandgenerateelectricity.
Tobeusefulforvehicles,plantmattermustbedistilledtoafuelandoftentransportedlongdistances.Toheatahome,itcanoftenbeusedraworwithminimalprocessing,andmovedjustashortdistanceaway.
Likewise,theambitious10percenttargethasledtodestructionofvitalnaturalresources,theEuropeanEnvironmentAgencyrecommendationsaid,"increasingpressuresonsoil,waterandbiodiversity"inEuropeandelsewhere.
"Wefeltweneedtounderstandmoreaboutbiofuelsandtointegratethesevariousgoalsbeforejustmovingahead,"saidSomlyody,thepanel’schairman.