Section C Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D ). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.57、Questions57-66are based on the following passage
Knowing that you are paid less than your peers has two effects on happiness. The well-known one is negative: a thinner pay packet harms self-esteem. The lesser-known one is called the "tunnel" effect: high incomes for peers are seen as improving your own chances of similar riches, especially if growth, inequality and mobility are high.
A paper co-anthored by Felix FitzRoy of the University of St. Andrews and recently presented at the Royal Economic. Society in Cambridge separates the two effects using data from household surveys in Germany. Previous work showed that the income of others can have a small, or even positive, overall effect on people's satisfaction in individual firms in Denmark or in very dynamic economies in transition, such as eastern Europe. But Mr. FitzRoy's team theorized that older workers, who largely know their lifetime incomes already, will enjoy a much smaller tunnel effect.
The data confirm this hypothesis. The negative effect on reported levels of happiness of being paid less than your peers is not visible for people aged under 45. In western Germany, seeing peers' incomes rising actually makes young people happier (even more than a rise in their own incomes, remarkably) . It is only those people over 45, when careers have "reached a stable position", whose happiness is harmed by the success of others.
The prospect of 20-plus years of bitterness might make retirement seem more appealing. But the real gains in happiness from retirement go not to the outshone (被超越) , but to the out-of-work. Unemployment is known to damage happiness because not working falls short of social expectations. This loss of identity cannot be compensated for by unemployment benefits or increased leisure time. A paper presented at the same conference by a team represented by Clemens Hetschko of the Free University of Berlin uses the same German household data to show that the spirits of the long-term unemployed rise when they stop looking for work, go into retirement and no longer clash with social norms.
Those with jobs are no happier after they retire, however, perhaps because their lives already line up with social expectations. Indeed, retiring early from work can have nasty side-effects. Another paper, co-authored by Andreas Kuhn of the University of Zurich, investigates the effect of a change in Austrian employment-insurance roles that allowed blue-collar workers earlier retirement in some regions than others. Men retiring a year early lower their chances of surviving to age 67 by 13%. Almost a third of this higher mortality rate,
which seemed to be concentrated among those who were forced into retirement by job loss, was caused by smoking and alcohol consumption. If you're in a job, even an underpaid one, hang on in there.
What did the study conducted by Mr. FitzRoy's team reveal?
A.The findings of previous work may be problematic.
B.The two effects of peers' incomes on happiness cannot be separated.
C.Older workers are not affected by the income of others.
D.Older workers have already known their lifetime incomes.
58、 What happens to young people when they are being paid less than their peers?
A.Their self-esteem is severely harmed.
B.Their spirits will be lowered.
C.They enjoy a bigger tunnel effect than People over 45.
D.They prefer a rise in their own incomes.
59、 Which of the following is irrelevant to the tunnel effect on happiness?
A.High inequality and mobility.
B.One's career stage.
C.Social expectations.
D.One's age.
60、 What do we learn about those who have been unemployed for a long time?
A.They stop looking for work due to the loss of identity.
B.Unemployment benefits can lift up their spirits.
C.They may die earlier than those with jobs.
D.Retirement can make them happier.
61、 What does the author intend to tell us with the study conducted by Andreas Kuhn's team?
A.The Austrian employment-insurance rules should not have been changed.
B.Earlier retirement from work should not be encouraged.
C.Too much smoking and drinking is dangerous to one's health.
D.Blue-collar workers should put off their retirement.
62、Questions62-71 are based on the following passage.
Women who always or mostly eat organic foods grown without pesticides are no less likely to develop cancer than women who eat a more conventional diet, according to a recent study conducted by Cancer Research UK scientists.
These researchers commented that the results were "particularly relevant" given that health concerns have been identified as the primary motivation for consumers' purchase of organic food. Professor Tim Key said: "We don't see any difference in the total risk of any type of cancer, depending on whether people said they choose organic food. It's a very large study so the overall result is very reliable."
Past studies have inconclusively suggested that pesticides could increase the risk of cancer. Pesticides are widely used in agriculture, although there are limits to the amount of residue (残留的) that can be present in food.
The researchers asked around 623,080 women aged 50 or over about whether they ate organic foods, and then tracked the development of 16 of the most common types of cancer over a nine-year period.
They found no difference in overall cancer risk when comparing the 180,000 women who reported never eating organically grown food with around 45,000 women who said they usually or always eat organic food.
However, differences did emerge with respect to breast cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (非霍奇金淋巴瘤) when they looked at the results for the 16 types of cancer individually. The researchers found a small increase in risk for breast cancer but a 21% reduction in the risk for non-Hodgkin lymphoma in women who mostly ate organic food.
As the analysis of individual cancers involved smaller numbers, Key said that the results were less reliable and could be down to "chance" or other factors, but given previous studies had suggested a link between pesticides and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, it would be worth investigating more closely.
Peter MeIchett, director of policy at the Soil Association, which promotes the trade body for organic food and farming, launched a wide-ranging attack on the study, He said it was strange that the 21% decrease in non-Hodgkin lymph0ma was being "so readily dismissed" by Cancer Research UK, and said the reasons for buying organic foods varied, and ranged from the benefits to wildlife to the fact that organic standards prohibit GM (转基因) crops and ingredients and controversial artificial food colors. "People also buy organic to reduce their exposure to pesticides -- 320 of which can be routinely used in non-organic farming." He also claimed that the study had a number of weaknesses compared with other research, including that women's BMI (身体质量指数) and the amount of physical activity they took part in were only measured once during the study.
What does the study conducted by Cancer Research UK mainly tell us?
A.Conventional food is better than organic food for women.
B.Eating organic food cannot reduce the risk of cancer.
C.Food, organic or not, is not related to any type of cancer.
D.Pesticides are not as dangerous as expected to women's overall health.
63、 What can we learn from the results for individual cancers?
A.Women who always ate organic food are more likely to develop non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
B.Women who never ate organic food are more likely to develop breast cancer.
C.Women who never ate organic food are more likely to develop non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
D.Women who always ate organic food are much more likely to develop breast cancer.
64、
How is this study in relation to previous studies?
A.It took quite a longer time than previous studies.
B.It involved many more participants than previous studies.
C.Its results are more reliable than previous studies.
D.Its results are to some degree in line with previous studies.
65、
What can we infer about Peter Melchett's attitude toward organic food?
A.Critical.
B.Supportive.
C.Unbiased.
D.Reserved.
66、
What did Peter Melchett point out as one of the problems with the study?
A.Some necessary measurements should have been made more frequently.
B.Organic standards should have been taken into consideration.
C.The benefits of organic food failed to he identified in other aspects.
D.The reduction in the risk for non-Hodgldn lymphoma was completely ignored.