Section C Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D ). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.57、Questions57-66are based on the .following passage.
A recent study discovered that after surviving a heart attack, women have a slightly higher risk than men of dying in the next 30 days. The finding, researchers say, likely reflects the differences in the type of heart failure women experience, as well as the severity of the condition. (When the severity of the heart attack was taken into consideration, the mortality rates were more comparable between men and women). The study examined medical records for more than 136,000 patients who had suffered from acute coronary syndromes (ACS急性冠状动脉综合症) . They found that, in the month after first suffering ACS, the mortality rate among men was 5.3%, compared with 9.6% in women.
Under the umbrella term ACS there are multiple conditions--including heart attack caused by either completely or partially blocked blood supply, and what doctors refer to as "unstable angina (心绞痛) ," or when slowly decreasing blood and oxygen supply causes tightness in the chest, often a precursor (前兆) to the more severe types of heart attack. In this study, a heart attack caused by completely or nearly completely blocked blood supply was more likely to result in death after 30 days for women, compared with men. But for slightly less severe incidents, in which blood flow was partially or temporarily blocked, or in cases of unstable angina, women had lower mortality rates in the following 30 days than men did.
The differences, which incorporate both sex and type of ACS, suggest to researchers that physicians should take gender into consideration when assessing patients, and deciding on the best course of treatment or prevention. Women, who in the study tended to be older than men when they suffered heart attack, were also more likely to have concurrent complications (并发症) such as diabetes (糖尿病) or hypertension (高血压) . And whereas men were more likely to have narrowed coronary arteries (冠状动脉), which was less frequently the case among women. After a more severe incident, the fact that women had a greater risk for death suggested to doctors that it might be due to the subsequent reduction in blood flow. On the other hand, that they got along better than men after the less severe forms of ACS--partial blockage or unstable angina--was likely a result of the generally less severe blockages seen in women, as compared to men.
Heart disease is the leading cause of death among both men and women, and though, overall women's health outcomes continue to be slightly worse than men's, they are improving. And, researchers hope, with more studies illuminating the way in which heart disease uniquely impacts women and men, new gender- specific treatment methods may be the way of the future.
What does the study indicate about acute coronary syndromes (ACS) ?
A.It can have different impact on women and men.
B.It can be regarded as the leading cause of death among these patients.
C.It can lead to more severe types of heart attack.
D.It can cause more deaths among men in the next 30 days.
58、 According to the study, more women's deaths are likely to occur in a month when the heart attack is caused by
A.temporary blockage
B.tightness in the chest
C.unstable angina
D.complete blockage
59、 Among these ACS patients, women were more likely to
A.have more severe forms of ACS
B.be younger than men
C.have other diseases
D.have narrowed coronary arteries
60、 What is the possible reason for women's lower death risk in case of less severe ACS?
A.The blood supply decreased subsequently.
B.They usually had less severe blockages than men.
C.New treatment methods were adopted.
D.They are less likely to have diabetes or hypertension.
61、 What is the main purpose of the study?
A.To improve overall women's health outcomes.
B.To call for ACS solutions based on gender differences.
C.To find the best course of treatment or prevention of ACS.
D.To decrease the mortality rate in 30 days after the heart attack.
62、 Questions62-71are based on the following passage.
Meat eaters in developed countries will have to eat a lot less meat, cutting consumption by 50%, to avoid the worst consequences of future climate change, new research warns.
The fertilizers used in farming are responsible for a significant share of the warming that causes climate change.
A study published in Environmental Research Letters warns that drastic changes in food production and at the dinner table are needed by 2050 in order to prevent disastrous global warming.
It's probably the most difficult challenge in dealing with climate change: how to reduce emissions from food production while still producing enough to feed a global population projected to reach 9 billion by the middle of this century.
The findings, by Eric Davidson, director of the Woods Hole Research Centre in Massachusetts, say the developed world will have to cut fertilizer use by 50% and persuade consumers in the developed world to stop eating so much meat.
Davidson concedes it's a hard sell. "I think there are huge challenges in convincing people in the west to reduce portion sizes or the frequency of eating meat. That is part of our culture right now," he said.
Researchers have been paying closer attention in the past few years to the impact of agriculture on climate change, and the parallel problem of growing enough food for an expanding population. Some scientists are at work growing artificial meat which would avoid the fertilizers and manure (粪肥)responsible for climate change.
Nitrous oxide (一氧化二氮) , released by fertilizers and animal manure, is the most potent of the greenhouse gases that cause climate change. The UN's climate body has called for deep cuts to those emissions.
Growing feed crops, for cattle and pigs, produces more of those emissions than food crops that go directly into the human food chain. Eating less meat would reduce demand for fertilizers as well as reduce the amount of manure produced.
Davidson also suggests changes in current farming practice. For example, such as growing winter ground cover crops would help absorb nitrogen (氮) and prevent its release into the atmosphere.
In reaching his conclusion, Davidson draws on figures from the Food and Agricultural Organization suggesting the world population will reach 8.9 billion by 2050. Meat consumption is also projected to increase sharply to 89kg per person a year in rich countries. Such a trajectory (发展轨迹)would put the world on course to more severe consequences of climate change.
Davidson is not suggesting people give up meat entirely. "The solution isn't that everyone needs to become a vegetarian. Simply reducing portion sizes and frequency would go a long way," he said. So would switching from beef and pork, which have a high carbon footprint (碳排放量), to chicken or fish.
What is the hardest task in coping with the future climate change?
A.To persuade people to reduce portion sizes or the frequency of eating meat.
B.To balance between food production and emissions of greenhouse gases.
C.To produce enough food for an expanding global population.
D.To change the current farming practice.
63、 Which of the following statements is NOT a suggestion made by Davidson?
A.Decrease the use of fertilizers.
B.Cut the meat consumption.
C.Plant winter ground cover crops.
D.Grow artificial meat.
64、 We can infer that one benefit of eating less meat is that it can reduce
A.the planting of food crops
B.the demand for fertilizers
C.the emissions of nitrous oxide
D.the amount of manure produced
65、 What may be the most preferred diet by Davidson?
A.Less beef but more fish.
B.Only vegetables.
C.Some vegetables and some pork.
D.Less chicken but more vegetables.
66、 Which of the following can be the best title of the passage?
A.Stop Eating So Much Meat
B.Stop Using Fertilizers
C.Control the Future Climate Change
D.Control the World Population