四、 抓住 "第三词汇"
语法中的功能词对理解句子十分重要,同样文章中那些起组织作用的实义词对理解文章也是非常重要的,因为掌握了它们就可以大大增强阅读理解中的预知下文的能力。我们把这些词称做 "第三词汇"(区别于仅起语法作用的功能词和一般实义词)。抓住了它们,就抓住了文章的核心意思。这类词有很多,其中最常见的有:
achieve, addition, attribute, cause, change, consequence, deny, effect, explanation, fact, form, grounds, instance, kind, manner, matter, mathod, opposite, point, problem, reason, respect, result, same, situation, thing, way.
另外,有人认为"第三词汇"主要是一些"照应名词",其中包括:
abstraction, approach, belief, classification, doctrine, dogma, evaluation, evidence, insight, investigation, illusion, notion, opinion, position, supposition, thery, viewpoint等等。
还有人针对某一文章类型总结出一些 "第三词汇"。比如:在"问题---解决 " 文章模式中,这些 "第三词汇"就更加固定和明确。它们有:
问题:concern, difficulty, dilemma, drawback, hamper, hinder(hindrance), obstacle, problem, snag等。
反应:change, combat(v), come up with, develop, find, measure, respond, response等
解决或结果:answer, consequence, effect, outcome, result, solution, (re)solve等。
评价:(in)effect, manage, overcome, succeed, (un)successful, viable, work(v.)
聚集于 "主张---反主张"文章结构模式中的该类词汇有:claim, state, truth, false, in fact, in reality, believe等等。
以上我们提到的阅读理解能力提高的途径不是仅有的方法,大家可以根据自己的学习体会,从众多的方法中选择适合自己的方法。另外,我们在《大学英语四级考试90分突破·阅读、完形和简答分册》一书中,还介绍了不少其他方法,请大家参考。要想把阅读技巧真正地转化位阅读理解能力还需要大量的阅读理解练习。阅读练习材料,请参考《大学英语四级考试90分突破·阅读、完形和简答分册》和《大学英语四级考试标准阅读160篇》。
附文:
四级考试阅读理解技巧--根据上下文判断词汇的意义
关于词汇问题(Vocabu1ary)
词汇(Vocabulary)是四级阅读理解测试中重要的一项。词汇类其实也是就细节进行提问,词汇题往往要求对文章中的某个单词、短语甚至句子等找出近义词或最合适的解释。因此考生可以利用上下文的特定语境推断生词的意思。阅读理解中词汇类问题的常见提问方式有下列几种:
(1)According to the author ,the word "…"means_______.
(2)What does the author probably mean by"..."in...paragraph?
(3)Which of the following is nearest in meaning to "…"?
(4)From the passage, we can infer that the word"..."is ____.
(5)The term ".."in paragraph… can be best replaced by ….
(6)What does the author probably mean by"..."in...paragraph?
(7)What's the meaning of "…"in line …of paragraph….?
(8)As used in the line …, the word "…"refers to _______.
一般来说,在文章的阅读中解决释义的最好的办法是猜测词义。猜测词义也需要一定的技巧,可以通过1)上下文间意义的联系;2)同义关系,反义关系;3)词的定义;4)对词的解释和举例;5)构词法知识猜测词义。
1. 利用上下文词语意义的互相联系猜测词义
Example :The fishermen make their canoes from tree trunks .They go from island to island in these light narrow boats and collect turtles' eggs.
我们从上下文中可以得出以下信息:"canoes"是一种渔夫用树木做的、来回于岛屿之间的、轻狭长的、类似于小船之类的东西。尽管我们可能还不能肯定它的确切解释,但这一生词已经不会影响我们的阅读和理解了。
Example :Jogging has become very popular in some countries ,It is believed to be a good exercise for old people ."Jogging"的意思通过"a good exercise for old people "可以推断出是一种适合老年人的运动方式。
2. 利用文章中词与词的同义和反义关系猜测词义 Example :If you happened to be sitting in the woods outside the city ,you might have witnessed a strange sight . You would have seen a very proud looking man riding along horseback , saying something.
在文章中可以很容易地判断出"witnesss"的同义关系词是"seen",因此"witness"就是看见的意思。
Example :In the northern regions the winters are generally cold and humid ,and the summers hot and dry .
显然,冬天和夏天的气候是截然相反的,它们的修饰词的意思也应该截然相反。"cold"与"hot"对应,"humid"与"dry"对应。因此,"humid"是"潮湿" 意思。
3.利用比较关系
Example:
The Asian monkey like other apes, is specially adapted for life in trees.
如果不认识ape ,但认识monkey ,这里用like把ape和monkey进行比较,还用了一个other说明monkey可能是ape的一种,即ape也就是“猿类”的意思了。
4.利用同位替代关系
Example:
Many famous scientists are trying to understand the problems modern people suffer from,but never these eminent scholars are confused about what causes them.
在句中,为避免重复,“these eminent scholars "替换”many famons scientists",既然scholars和scientists同义,eminent也就和famous同义,为“著名的“。
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