4. 副词比较级、最高级的构成

(1) 规则变化

①副词比较级、最高级的规则变化形式和形容词一样，单音节词在词尾加 –er 或 –est。如：

fast快 — faster更快 — fastest最快

②多音节和部分双音节副词，在前面加上more或most。如：

quickly快地 — more quickly更快地 — most quickly 最快地

(2) 不规则变化

少数不规则变化如下表：

好(地)

坏、糟

很、非常

不很

原级

well

badly

much

little

比较级

better

worse

more

less

最高级

best

worst

most

least

注意：有两个副词变化比较特殊：

原级

比较级

最高级

late 迟

later 较迟，后来(指时间)

latest最近(指时间)

latter后者(针对前者而言)

last最后(指顺序)

far远

farther较远

farthest最远

further进一步

furthest最远

4. 无比较级的副词

常见的无比较级的副词有：daily，only，really，then，here，there，very，badly，uniquely…

5. 修饰比较级的副词

常见的修饰比较级的副词如下表：

零程度

no, not… any，nothing，not all at，not a bit

微程度

a little，a bit，rather，some，somewhat，slightly

重程度

much，far，by far，very much，a lot，a great (good) deal

其他词

still，yet，even

如：

He is nothing wiser than before.

他一点不比过去更聪明。

The weather is rather worse than we expected.

天气比我们所预期的要糟得多。

注意：修饰“more +复数名词”要用 many 或 far;修饰“fewer +复数名词”要用 far。如：

There are many more students in this class than in that one.

这班的学生比那班的学生多得多。

I made far fewer mistakes this time than I did last time.

我这次比上次少出许多错。

常见的修饰最高级的副词有：very，much，far，by far。如：

He is much the best student in his class.

他是他班上最好的学生(比别人好也许多)。

She runs by far the fastest in our school.

她是我们学校跑得最快的(超过别人许多)。

6. 副词比较级和最高级的用法

(1) 原级

句型：as …as (肯定) not so… as (否定)

如：

I work just as hard as he does.

我工作同他一样努力。

I don’t work so hard as he does.

我工作不像他那样努力。

比较级句型I：more… than less… than

如：

I got there earlier than he did.

我比他到达那里还要早。

He writes less carefully than I do.

他写东西不如我认真。

注意：

①副词比较级的否定式，一般不说：He doesn’t write more carefully than I do.而用“less”表示否定，说：He writes less carefully than I do.

②在 than 引导的从句中，动词常用 do，does，did 等词代替。

③在口语中，常用“not so/as… as”代替“less… than”结构。如：

He doesn’t write as carefully as I do. (= He writes less carefully than I do.)

他写东西不如我认真。

④more than/less than 常用作副词修饰数词。如：

More than fifty students went there.

有五十多人去那里了。

⑤两者相比常用“the +比较级+ of the two”结构。如：

Tom works the harder of the two (students).

汤姆是两人中工作更努力的一个。

句型Ⅱ：

比较级+ and +比较级

more and more +原级 越来越，日渐……

less and less +原级

如：

He is running faster and faster.

他跑得越来越快。

句型Ⅲ：

the +比较级…，+the+比较级 越…就越…

如：

The harder you study, the more you will learn.

你越是用功学，就越能学到到更多东西。

(2) 最高级

句型：

(the) +最高级+ of the…/in…(肯定)

not… (the)+最高级…(否定)

如：

He works (the) hardest of all the students in the class.

他在班里同学中最用功。

He doesn’t work (the) hardest in his class.

他在班里并不是最用功。

注意：

①副词最高级前一般有冠词 the，但有时也可省略。

②不带冠词的最高级副词 most，常用来代替 very，表示程度。如：

She dances most graceful (of them all).

(在她们中)她舞跳得最美/很美。

③用比较级表示最高级。如：

the other students in his class.

He words harder than any other student in his class.

anybody else in his class.

= He words (the) hardest in his class.

他在班里学习最用功。

注意：英语的比较句比较严谨。如果 A 与其它人进行比较，首先应把 A 排除在外，然后再与除他以外的其它人或其它人之中的任何一个人进行比较。

7. 含有比较级、最高级副词的惯用语

at (the) best 最好不过，充其量

at (the)worst 最坏不过，充其量

at (the) most 至多

at the least 至少

at last 终于

at (the) latest 最迟

in the least 一点点

not in the least 一点也不

more or less 大约，有点

5. 多个形容词的排列顺序

一般来说，两个或两个以上的形容词修饰名词时，如果与被修饰的名词关系越密切，特征越明显，那么就越靠近中心名词。具体说有两种情况：

1. 如果几个形容词重要性差不多，那么将音节少的形容词放在前，音节多的形容词置于后。

Our great motherland is a powerful socialist country.

Tina is really a lovely and beautiful girl.

2. 如果性质、特征等相差远的多个形容词修饰名词，习惯上按下列顺序排列：

限定词 并列形容词

冠词+名/代所有格+序数词+基数词 + 性质+大小+形状+年龄+颜色+国别+材料

+被修饰的中心名词

例如:

The boy’s two beautiful little red flowers were sent to his first two teachers.

6.  无比较级、无最高级的形容词

此类形容词常被称作为绝对形容词，它们一般不能被 very，rather 或 fairly 等修饰，但可被 quite，completely 或 really 等修饰。

此类形容词常见的有：perfect，excellent，wonderful，different，favourite，right，wrong 等。

You are quite right. My favourite subject is English.

1.5.5. 能修饰比较级、最高级的形容词

1. 修饰比较级的词：much，even，still，far，by far，a little，a bit，a lot，a great deal，no，any，rather

2. 修饰最高级的词：much，very，by far

Our classroom is much/even/still/far bigger than theirs.

Our classroom is by far the bigger than theirs.

比较：Our classroom is bigger by far than theirs.

Do you feel any better today?

It takes many more hours to go to Beijing by train than by plane.

比较：It takes much more time to go to Beijing by train than by plane.

I’m full. I want to eat no more.

This theory is much/by far the best one.

This theory is the very best one.

This book is much/by far the best.

That boy over there is the very tallest.

1.5.6. 以 a- 开头的形容词用法及其修饰词

此类形容词常作表语、补语或后置定语(千万不可用作前置定语)，它们一般不能用 very 去修饰(但 afraid 可以)，而用 (very) much 或其它习惯性搭配的副词去修饰。

常见的以 a- 开头的形容词有 afraid，ahead，alike，alive，alone，ashamed，asleep，awake 等。

例如:

— Who is the greatest scientist alive in the world?

— I’m afraid no one can tell you about it .

— What’s going over there?

— It is said that there was an accident at a distance of 150 metres ahead.

— What about the twins alike after the accident?

— I’m sorry to say one is dead and the other is alive but badly injured.

Would you please turn down the radio? The baby is fast/sound asleep.

Don’t pretend to be sleeping. I know you’re wide/completely awake.

It was terrible. I was all/quite/much alone in the dark room.

1.5.7. 以 -ly 结尾的形容词

英语中，以 -ly 结尾的词多是副词，但有一批形容词是以 -ly 结尾的。

如：lovely，lively，silly，ugly，orderly，deadly，friendly，comradely，motherly，brotherly，sisterly 等。这些形容词尽管以 -ly 结尾，但不可用作副词或作状语。

例如: Even if she scolded us, she did so in a friendly way.

Mrs. Turner teaches us maths in a lively way.

We should keep our room in an orderly state.

1.5.8. 易混形容词、副词

so such (如此)

以下四种情况用 so：

1. 当中心词是形容词的时候：

The hall is so large that it can hold 1000 people.

2. 当中心词是副词的时候：

He runs so fast that I can’t catch (up with) him.

3. 当中心词是单数可数名词的时候(但千万要注意 so 与冠词及形容词的排列顺序)：

She is so good a teacher that we all like her.

4. 当中心名词被表数量的 many，much，few，little 修饰时：

There are so many cars on the road that we can’t pass.

比较：There are such a lot of cars on the road that we can’t pass.

There is so little food that we can’t give it to all of you.

比较：They are such little animals that they’re hard to see in the distance.

以下三种情况用 such：

1. 当中心词是不可数名词的时候：

It is such fine weather that we all want to go swimming.

2. 当中心词是复数名词的时候：

He has such long arms that he can reach the ceiling easily.

3. 当中心词是单数可数名词的时候(但千万要注意 such 与冠词及形容词的排列顺序)：

She is such a good teacher that we all like her.

How, What 引导感叹句的用法几乎完全类似于 so，such(How 类似于 so, What 相当于such)。

no longer… not… any longer

(不再)

no more… not… any more

使用 no longer 的场合：

1. 当用在行为动词前面的时候：

I no longer believe (in) you.

2.当强调时间上不再延续或与延续性动词连用的时候：

The Turners no longer lives here.

China is no longer what it used to be.

下列情况多用 no more：

1. 当用在句尾的时候：

We’ll see Grandma Li no more.

2. 当强调数量上不再增添或程度不再加深的时候：

I want to eat no more (bread) now.

Don’t think any more about it.

3. 修饰名词的时候或作宾语的时候(可以认为是 many、much 的比较级)：

I have no more questions to ask.

4. 用作表语表“去世、逝世”之意义时：

Grandma Li is no more.

few many

little much

few 与 little 均表否定意义，其反意疑问句均用肯定形式，但：

few 修饰复数名词、其比较级、最高级分别为 fewer，fewest，反义词为 many。

little 修饰不可数名词，其比较级、最高级分别为 less，least，反义词为 much。

few 只指数量之少。little 除指数量之少，还可指人或物之“小”(用作此意时，无比较等级)。

Few students have been to Xinjiang, have they?

— What about the new rules?

— Less food is wasted.

a little a bit

相同点：都表肯定，意为“一点(儿)”,都可修饰不可数名词、形容词、副词以及形容词、副词的比较级形式。