如：awashingmachine=amashineforwashing

aswimmingpool=apoolforswimming

二、动名词的时态和语态

动名词的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前，通常要用完成式，否则都用一般式。如：

Weareinterestedinplayingchess.

Hewaspraisedforhavingfinishedtheworkaheadoftime.

I‘msorryfornothavingkeptmypromise.

若主语是动名词所表示的动作的对象，动名词用被动语态。如：

Wemustdosomethingtopreventwaterfrombeingpolluted.

Irememberhavingbeentoldastory.

Hewasafraidofbeingscoldedbytheteacher.

及物动词不及物动词

主动被动主动

一般时doingbeing donedoing

完成时having donehaving been donehaving done

分词(分词分为现在分词和过去分词。在句中作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。)

现在分词和过去分词的区别：

在语态上，现在分词表示主动意义，过去分词表示被动意义;

在时间上，现在分词表示的动作往往正在进行或者与谓语动词同时发生，过去分词表示的动作已经完成或没有一定的时间性。

如：fallingleaves正在下落的树叶fallenleaves已经落在地上的树叶

一、分词的作用

1、作定语

(1)单个分词作定语，分词前置。如：

Thesleepingboyismyson.

Theexcitedpeoplerushedintothebuilding.

Alostopportunityneverreturns.

Heisaretiredworker.

(2)分词短语作定语，分词后置;分词修饰不定代词something等要后置;个别分词如give，left等作定语也后置。如：

Thegirlstandingunderthetreeismyniece.

Thebuildingbuiltlastyearisourlibrary.

Thisisthequestiongiven.

Thereisnothinginteresting.

(3)过去分词作定语与其修饰的词是被动关系，相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。如：

Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientists

Thefirsttextbook______forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.

AhavewrittenBtobewrittenCbeingwrittenDwritten

答案：D

What‘sthelanguage______inGermany?

AspeakingBspokenCbespokenDtospeak

答案：B

Pricesofdailygoods______throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.

AareboughtBboughtCbeenboughtDbuying.

答案：B

WhenIgotbackhomeIsawamessagepinnedtothedoor______“Sorrytomissyou;willcalllater.”

AreadBreadsCtoreadDreading

答案：D

解析：reading与pinnedtothedoor一样作message的后置定语，相当于whichread，pinned和reading的逻辑主语都是message，它与pin是被动关系，用-ed形式，与read是主动关系，用-ing形式

2、作状语

现在分词和过去分词在句中可以作时间、原因、方式、伴随、条件、结果等状语。

Notreceivinganyletterfromhim，Igavehimacall.

AsIdidn’treceiveanyletterfromhim，Igavehimacall.

Givenmoreattention，thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.

Ifmoreattentionwasgiven，thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.(条件)

Walkingalongthestreet，Iranacrossmyoldfriend.

Bittenbyasnake，hewastakentohospital(原因).

Thoughdefeated，hedidn‘tloseheart.(让步)

Helayonthegrass，lookingintothesky.(伴随)

Hecamerunningtotellmethegoodnews.(方式)

______someofficials，Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.

AFollowedBFollowedbyCBeingfollowedDHavingbeenfollowed

答案：B

Therewasaterriblenoise______thesuddenburstoflight.

AfollowedBfollowingCtobefollowedDbeingfollowed

答案：B

______，liquidscanbechangedintogases.

AHeatingBTobeheatedCHeatedDHeat

答案：C

注意：

(1)选择现在分词还是过去分词，关键看主句的主语。如分词的动作是由主句的主语发出，分词就用现在分词，反之就用过去分词。试比较：

(Being)Usedforalongtime，thebooklooksold.由于用了很长时间，这本书看上去很旧。

Usingthebook，Ifindituseful.在使用的过程中，我发现这本书很有用。

(2)分词作状语时，其逻辑主语必须和主句的主语一致，如果不一致，就用独立主格结构，即在分词前加上它的逻辑主语。现在分词的完成式主要用于作状语，一般不用作定语。

When______，themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.

AcompletedBcompletingCbeingcompletedDtobecompleted

答案：A

______suchheavypollutionalready，itmaynowbetoolatetocleanuptheriver.

AHavingsufferedBSufferingCTosufferDSuffered

答案：A

3、作表语

现在分词作表语多表示主语具有的特征，过去分词作表语多指主语所处的状态。如：

Thefilmistouching.

Theglassisbroken.

Shelookedtiredwithcooking.

Heremainedstandingbesidethetable.

-I’mvery______withmyowncooking.Itlooksniceandsmellsdelicious.

-Mm，itdoeshavea______smell.

Apleasant;pleasedBpleased;pleasedCpleasant;pleasantDpleased;pleasant

答案：D