(四)辨析下列单词(近义词)

1. affect / effect

affect：动词：影响;感动;侵袭

effect：名词：影响，效果;常见短语：have an effect on sb./ sth.

What we do is important because it affects the environment.

All the people in the room were affected to tears.

The medicine has little effect on the old man.

2. defend / protect / guard

defend：用武力或其他措施保护人们不受损害。辩护。

protect：用各种安全防御措施尽力照顾某人不受损害。

guard： 留心守望，警戒

Make sure that you are ready to answer questions and defend your argument.

It is the duty of every Chinese citizen to defend motherland.

Clothes protect us from cold.

Tow big dogs guard the farm.

(五)重，难点句的解释与分析

1. One of the main themes Of the summit was “sustainable development’，or the question of how we can continue developing the world without damaging the environment.

其主题之一是“可持续发展”，也就是如何在不破坏环境的情况下使世界继续发展的问题。

(1)句中or意为“也就是：即”，用于补充说明上文的内容。例如：

The company is paying the rent or at least Contributing to it

or的用法很多，除了上述的意思外，常见的还有：

Don’t put anything plastic in the oven or it will probably start melting.

Are you going with your parents or by yourself ?

(2)without doing结构在句子中作状语，表示“在没发生……情况下”。

They left the school in a hurry, without saying goodbye to anyone.

2. Air pollution alone causes almost three million deaths.

仅空气污染就造成了近三百万人死亡。

(1)alone在此是副词，用在名词或代词后面，表示“只，只有;仅仅”。

He alone is not responsible for it.

Money alone cannot make you happy.

alone还可以解释“单独地;独自地”。

He likes to go it alone in everything.

alone作形容词时，解释“单独的; 唯一的：独一无二的”，在句子作表语。

I am not alone in this opinion.

(2)deaths：可数名词：死亡的人数。不可数名词指：死亡。

3. If we are to develop the world successfully, we must make sure that everyone is able to take part in the new world we create.

如果我们要成功地开发世界，就必须确保人人都能够参与我们创造的新世界。

be +to do sth这个结构常常表示安排，命令、职责、义务、目的、用途，可能性、命中注定等含义。例如：

We are to meet at the school gate.

You are to be back by 10 o'clock.

The prize is to honour him for his great discovery.

4. Richer countries have a responsibility towards poorer countries and must do whatever they can to help others.

富国对于穷国负有责任，他们必须尽可能地帮助其他国家。

do whatever one can相当于do what one can，只是前者的语气更强。