3. 过去分词做状语

①表时间，相当于一个时间状语从句，有时过去分词前可加连词 when 或 while 来强调时间概念。

Seen from the top of the hill, the city looked like a big garden.

从山顶上看，这个城市就像一个大花园。

Accepted by the Party, he decided to devote his life to the cause of the Party.

入党以后，他决定献身于党的事业。

②表原因，相当于一个原因状语从句。

Exhausted, the children fell asleep at once.

由于太累了，孩子们马上就睡着了。

Encouraged by the speech, the young people made up their minds to take up the struggle.

受到了讲演的鼓舞，年轻人决定起来从事斗争。

③表条件，相当于一个条件状语从句，有时过去分词前可用 if 等词。

Heated, water changes into steam.

如果加热的话，水会变成水蒸气。

Given another chance, he will do better.

再给他一次机会，他会做得更好。

④表让步，相当于一个though/although引导的让步状语从句。

Laughed at by many people, he continued his study.

尽管被许多人嘲笑，他还是继续他的研究。

⑤表伴随，说明动作发生的背景或情况。

Surrounded by a group of pupils, the old teacher walked into the classroom.

被学生包围着，那位老教师走进了教室。

The trainer appeared, followed by five little dogs.

教练出现了，身后跟着五条狗。

倒装句：

一、here, there, now, then, thus 等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用 be, come, go, lie, run。

There goes the bell. 铃声响了。

Then came the chairman. 主席来了。

Here is your letter. 你的信。

二、否定词置于句首，句子应进行倒装。

· nor, neither 放句首

Tod can't swim, neither can I. 托德不会游泳，我也不会。

· 用于 never, hardly, seldom, scarcely, barely, little, often, at no time, not only, not once, many a time 等词开头的句子。

Never shall I go there again. 我再也不去那了。

Little did he know who the woman was.他基本上不知道那女人是谁。

Seldom was he late for class.他很少上学迟到。

·用于 no sooner ... than ..., hardly... when... 和 not until... 的句型中

Hardly had I reached the station when the train left. 我刚到车站,火车就离开了。

No sooner had she gone out than the phone rang. 她刚离开,电话就响了。

Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework. 直到老师来，他才完成作业。

三、用于 only 放句首，修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句的句子。

Only in this way can you master English well. 只有这种方法，你才能学好英语。

Only that time did he do his homework. 直到哪个时间，他才做作业。

Only when he told me did I realize what trouble I was in.

直到他告诉我，我才意识到我有了什么样的麻烦。

省略句：

一、省略的目的

省略多见于非正式文体，尤其在对话中，省略是一种普遍的现象。英语中的省略一般说来有三个目的：

1.避免重复，减少累赘

省略的主要目的是避免重复，去掉不必要的累赘和繁琐。

Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't come to school to see me the next day.

Mike said that he would come to school to see me the next day, but he didn't.

迈克说他第二天要来学校看我，但是他并没有来。

(省掉最后九个词，句子简洁了许多)

2.连接紧密，结构紧凑

省略也是使上下文紧密连接的一种修辞手段。

John was the winner in 1994 and Bob in 1998.

约翰是 1994 年的获胜者，鲍勃是 1998 年的获胜者。

(Bob 后省略了 was the winner，句子结构显得比较紧凑)

3.强调重点，突出信息

省略的另一作用是突出新的信息

Truth speaks too low, hypocrisy too loud. 真理讲话声太低，虚伪讲话声太高。

(后一分句省略谓语 speaks，突出了 too loud)

二、句子成分的省略

为了避免重复，或者为了使某一内容引人注目，可以省略某些句子成分而保持句子原意不变。

1.省略主语

Beg your pardon.请你原谅。

(= I beg your pardon.))

Serves you right. 你活该

(= It serves you right.)

2.省略谓语

Anything the matter? 要紧吗?

(= Is anything the matter?)

The river was deep and the ice thin. 河很深，冰很薄。

(= The river was deep and the ice was thin.)

3.省略表语

Are you ready? Yes,I am.

你准备好了吗?我准备好了。

(am 后面省略了表语 ready)

4.省略宾语

We have to analyze and solve problems.

我们必须分析问题并解决问题。

(analyze 后省略了宾语 problems)

Let's do the dishes. I'll wash and you'll dry.

我们洗碗吧，我来洗，你来揩干。

(wash 和 dry 后面省略了宾语 dishes)

5.省略定语

He spent part of the money, and the rest he saved.

他花了一部分钱，其余的都存了起来。

(the rest 后面省略了定语 of the money)

6.省略状语

(Even)The wisest man cannot know everything.

即使最聪明的人也不可能无所不知。

省略在句子中的应用

在一个句子中，省略可分为依赖上下文省略和不依赖上下文省略两种。前者省略的部分可在句子中找到，但后者可能找不到。

1.简单句中的省略

依赖上下文的省略在对话中最为常用。

Like more beer?

再要点啤酒吗?

(= Would you like more beer?)

—World you mind if I used your telephone?

用一下你的电话，你介意吗?

—Not at all. 一点也不。

(= I do not mind at all.)

—Will he pass this examination?

他这次考试会通过吗?

—Probably. 大概会的。