四.关系词的选择

1. 在非限制性定语从句中，关系代词作主语，只能用who  指人，which指物;关系代词做宾语，常用whom(口语中有时用who)指人，which指物，它们都不能用that代替。

2.关系代词作介词宾语，不论是在限制性定语从句中，还是在非限制性定语从句中，当介词前置时，只能用whom指人，which指物;但如果介词后置，则不受这种限制，关系代词还可以省去，特别是在口语中。如：

Do you know the boy to whom she was talking?

Do you know the boy (that) she was talking to?

The pencil (which/that) he was writing with suddenly broke.

3.在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指物时，关系词可用which或that，二者常可以互换;但在下列情况中，只能用that，不用which：

(1) 当先行词是all, a lot, (a) little, few, much, none, anything, something,  everything, nothing等词时。如：

All that can be done has been done.

In this factory I saw little / much that was different from ours.

(2) 当先行词被all, any no, much, little, few, every等限定词所修饰时。如：

We heard clearly every word that he said.

(3) 当先行词是序数词或被序数词所修饰时。如：

The first thing that should be done is to get the tickets.

When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that comes to mind is the West  Lake.

(4) 当先行词是形容词最高级或被形容词最高级所修饰，以及先行词被序数词和形容

词最高级同时修饰时，如：

Is that the best that you can do?

That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in.

This novel is the second best one that I have ever read.

(5) 当先行词被 the very, the only, the next, the last等所修饰时。如：

This is the very book that I want to find.

(6) 当先行词为指人和指物的两个并列名词词组时。如：

The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw  at the Children’s Palace.

She described in her compositions the people and places that impressed her  most.

(7) 当主句是以which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：

Which is the car that killed the boy?

4. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m)或that，二者常可互换。

但在下列情况中，用who(m)，而不用that：

(1) 当先行词是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody,  everyone,

everybody等词时。如：

Is there anyone who can answer this question?

He was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.

注：在非正式文体中可以说：You’re the one that knows where to go.)

(2) 当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。如：

He who wants to catch fish just not mind getting wet.

Those who are against the proposal put up your hands.

注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用he that…。如：

He that promises too much means nothing.

(3) 当先行词有较长的后置定语修饰时。如：

Do you know the writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the  meeting?

(4) 在分隔式定语从句中，若先行词指人，为了明确修饰关系，应当用who(m)。如：

A new master will came tomorrow who will teach you German.

There’s only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see.

I was the only person in my office who was invited.

(5) 两个定语从句同时修饰一个指人的先行词，第二个定语从句常用who(m)来引导，如：

She is the only girl I know who can play the guitar.

5. 在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，在下列情况中，一般用关系词that:

(1) 当主句是以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时。如：

Who is the man that is reading the newspaper over there?

Which of us that knows anything does not know this?

(2) 当先行词被形容词最高级或序数词所修饰时。如：

He is the greatest man that has ever lived.

(3) 当先行词被the only, the very, the last等词所修饰时。如：

She is the only person that understands me.

6. 当先行词被the  same所修饰时，关系词既可以用as，也可以用that。在表示具体事物时，有时两者有一定的区别。一般说来，表示同一种类多用as，表示同一事物多用that。

如：This is the same instrument that I used yesterday. 这就是我昨天用过的那台仪器。

This is the same instrument as I used yesterday. 这台仪器跟我昨天用过的那台一样。

在抽象概念上，同种类和同一事物是没有绝对区别的，所以两个词可换用：

I have the same opinion as / that you have.

这里要注意的是：

(1) 使用as时，它引导的定语从句中的动词可以省略，但使用that时，定语从句中

的动词不可省略。如：

Women received the same pay as men.

Women received the same pay that men received.

(2) 在“the  same…that”结构中，that只是用来加强语气，强调“相同”。that可以省去而不改变句子原意，甚至连名词前的same也可以省去。如：

This is the same instrument that I used yesterday.

= This is the same instrument I used yesterday.

= This is the instrument I used yesterday.

但在“the same…as”结构中，same和as都不能省略。

(3) 当“the same…that”结构中的that作为关系副词用时，不可以直接与as互换。

如：He lives in the same building that I live.

= He lives in the same building as / that I live in.

Shall we meet at the same place that we last met?

= Shall we meet at the same place that / as we last met at?

7. 当先行词前有such, so, as时，关系词应当用as。如：

A wise man seldom talks about such things as he doesn’t understand.

He spoke in such easy English as everybody could understand.

At this time of the day, all buses and trolleys have to carry as many  passengers as they can.

It is so easy a book as every schoolboy can read.

Let’s discuss such things as we can talk of freely.

另需注意：

This book is written in such easy English as beginners can  understand.(定语从句)

This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand  it.(结果状语从句)

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