四、主动语态变被动语态的方法

1 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。

2 把谓语变成被动结构(be+过去分词)，根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。

3 把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。例如：

1) All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people.

2) They make the bikes in the factory.= The bikes are made?by them?in the factory.

记忆歌诀：宾变主，主变宾，by短语后面跟。谓语动词变被动，be后“过分”来使用。

五、含有情态动词的被动语态

含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词+be+过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。

记忆歌诀：情态动词变动，情态加be加“过分”，原来带to要保留。例如：

1) We can repair this watch in two days. = This watch can be repaired in two days.

2) You ought to take it away. = It ought to be taken away.

3) They should do it at once. = It should be done at once

第9讲祈使句

一. 祈使句的句式特征

祈使句常常是表达说话人对对方的劝告、叮嘱、请求或命令等。因此，祈使句中一般没有主语，但根据其句意，实际上是省略了主语you。祈使句句末用感叹号或句号，朗读时，常用降调。在表达请求或劝告时，在祈使句前或句末可加, 上please，以使句, 子的语气更加缓和, 或客气。祈使句一般没有时态的变化，也不能与情态动词连用。例如：

Keep off the grass!勿踩草地!

Put the boxes in the small room.把那些盒子放到那个小房间里。

二. 祈使句的肯定句式

祈使句的肯定句式一般分为以下三种类型：

1. 行为动词原形+其他成分。例如：

Make sentences after the model.根据例句造句。

2. Be动词+其他成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)。例如：

Be careful when crossing the street.过马路时要小心。

3. Let, +宾语+动词原, 形+, 其他, 成分, 。例如：

Let him go back now.让他现在回去吧。

三. 祈使句的否定句式

祈使句的否定句式，通常情况下在句首加上Don’t或Never，一般分为以下四种类型：

1. 在祈使句的肯定句式前加Don’t，构成“Don’t+行为动词原形+其他成分”。例如：

Don’t say that again!别再那样说了!

2. 在Be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Don’t，构成“Don’t be+其他成分(形容词、名词或介词短语等)”。例如：Don’t be careless.不要粗心。

注意：在这种句型中be不能省略;否定副词not不可置于be之后。

3. Let引起的祈使句的否定形式有两种：(1)Let开头的祈使句，如果后面跟第一、第三人称名词或代词的宾格，可在Let前加Don’t，也可在Let后宾格的名词或代词后面加not。(2)如果以Let’s开头的祈使句，必须在Let’s后加not。例如：

Don’t let me go with her tomorrow. =Let me not go with her tomorrow.

不要让我明天跟她一起去。

Let’s not tell her the truth whenever we meet her.

无论什么时候我们碰到她，都不要告诉她真相。

4. 在公共场合的提示语中，否定祈使句常用“No+名词/V-ing形式”结构，表示“禁止做某事”。例如：

NO PHOTOS! 禁止拍照!

四. 祈使句的反意问句

祈使句的反意疑问句须按其句子结构及讲话人的语气来决定其疑问部分。通常有以下三种形式：

1. 祈使句为肯定句式，其反意疑问句表示请求时，通常用will you;表示邀请、劝说时，用won’t you。例如：

Be sure to write to us, will you?你一定要给我们写信，好吗?

Come to have dinner with us this evening, won’t you?

今晚来和我们一起吃饭，好吗?

2. 祈使句为否定句式，其反意疑问句通常只用will you。例如：

Don’t smoke in the meeting room, will you?

不要在会议室抽烟，好吗?

3. Let开头的祈使句构成反意疑问句时，除Let’s用shall we外，其他均用will you。例如：

Let the boy go first, will you?让个那男孩先走，好吗?

Let’s take a walk after supper, shall we?

晚饭后我们去散步，好吗?

五. 祈使句的回答

祈使句的动作通常是表示将来发生的动作，所以回答祈使句时，一般用will或won’t。在回答具有否定意义的祈使句时，要注意两点：一是“形式一致”，即Yes与will保持一致;No与won’t保持一致。二是“意思相反”，即Yes是“不”的意思;No是“是”的意思。在回答时，要注意分析上下文语境中所提供的条件。例如：

--- Don’t go out, please. It’s raining heavily outside.

请不要出去。外面雨下得很大。

---- Yes, I will. I have to meet my brother at the airport.

不行，我得去机场接我弟弟。

六. 祈使句与陈述句的并列使用

祈使句后接陈述句时，须用连接词连接。如果祈使句与陈述句表示的是一种顺承关系时，要用并列连词and来连接;如果祈使句与陈述句存在一种否定条件关系时，要用并列连词or来连接。例如：

Leave it with me and I will see what I can do.

把它留给我吧，我想想有没有办法。

Hurry up, or we’ll be late.

快点，否则我们要迟到了。

七. 祈使句与条件状语从句的连用

祈使句与条件状语从句连用时，条件状语从句可置于祈使句前或后。例如：

Tell him to make a phone call to me if he comes here tomorrow.

如果他明天来这儿的话，叫他给我来个电话。

八. 祈使句的强调形式

祈使句的强调形式通常在肯定祈使句式前加上助动词Do(Do在句中无意义)。例如：

Do shut up!快住口!

九. 特殊形式的祈使句

在英语中，有些祈使句不是以动词原形来引起一个祈使句，而是以一个名词短语来充当，且后接一个带有并列连接词的分句。实际上，这个充当祈使句的名词短语相当于一个条件状语从句。例如：

More water and the young trees couldn’t have died. =If you had given them more water, the young trees couldn’t have died.

如果你给那些小树多浇点水，他们就不会死了。

十. 运用祈使句的误区

祈使句往往容易与不定式、分词或条件状语从句相混淆。在平时的练习或测试中，如果稍不留神，就会出错。因此，要认真审题，认真分析句子结构，并根据上下文语境，作出正确判断。例如：

___________ your composition carefully, some spelling mistakes can be avoided.

A. Having checkedB. Check

C. If you checkD. To check

析：如果空白处选填B(Check)项，则视为祈使句，但后一分句前没有并列连接词and连接;如选A或D项(分词或不定式)，句中逻辑主语some spelling mistakes又不能执行这个动作，故均不符合句子结构。因此，只有C项(条件状语从句)符合句子结构及句意。

第十章感叹句

。

感叹句：一般是用来表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。英语感叹句常用"what"和"how"引导，"what"和"how"与所修饰的词置于句首，其它部分用陈述句语序。

感叹词 修饰对象 感叹部分主语 谓语+其他!

How(副词) 修饰形容词 How nice

How nice a girl the girl

she is!

is!

修饰副词 How well

How hard the boy

the workers Is swimming!

are working!

修饰动词 How

=what the flowers

How

=how fast She

she

he

he Loves the flowers!

loves!

runs!

runs!

What(形容词) 修饰单数可数名词 What a nice girl

=How nice a girl Jenny

Jenny Was!

was!

修饰复数可数名词 What nice girls They Were!

修饰不可数名词 What fine weather

what dirty water It

he Is!

drank!

感叹句的特殊形式

感叹句还可由陈述句、疑问句、祈使句，甚至一个词组及单词构成。例如：

There was no face showing!

He’s such a nice boy!

The Great Wall is a magnificent building!

Isn’t it snowing heavily!

Wonderful!

Nonsense!

Happy New Year to you!

Cheer!

第十一章疑问句

疑问句(Interrogative Sentence) ：

定义：表达疑问(亦即发问)或请求的句子叫做疑问句。例：

Is he a friend of your brother's?

(他是你哥哥的朋友吗?——发问)

Can you do this for me?

(你能替我做这件事吗?——请求)

疑问句的句末必须使用问号(Question mark)“?”来标示问句的结束。

疑问句：可分为一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反意疑问句和否定疑问句。

种类 特征 语调 举例回答

一般疑问句 系+主+表+?

助动词+主+动+? 升调 Are you from London?

Do you speak Russian? 用yes, no回答

特殊疑问句 疑问词+系+表+?

疑问词+助+主+动+? 降调 How are you feeling?

When will you get there? 直接回答，不用yes或no

选择疑问句 一般问句：系+主+表+…or…?

助+主+动+…or…? Or前升调。Or后降调 Is he tall or short?

Does he stay home or go there? 直接回答问句中一个，不用yes, no

特殊问句：疑问词+系+主+…or…? 第一部分用降调，第二部分or 前升调，or后降调 Which is bigger, the sun or the moon?

Who runs faster, Tom or Peter? 选一个答案，不用yes, no

反意疑问句 陈述部分肯定：陈述，助(系)+not+主? 陈述部分用降调，一问部分用升调 It is raining, isn’t it?

You did it, didn’t you? 答案肯定时用yes，否定时用no

陈述部分否定：否定陈述句，助(系)+主+? 如对陈述肯定，可用降调 It isn’t fine, is it?

They haven’t come, have they?

否定疑问句 系+not+主+表?

助+not+主+动+? 表示惊异用升调。赞叹、责难用降调 Aren’t they beautiful?

Won’t you come in for a minute?

第十二章 名词

在英语中，名词用以表示人或事物的名称，是各级各类考试的热点之一，主要测试考生辨析近义词和近形词的能力。名词不但有单复数的变化，而且有普通名词和专有名词之分，还有用法独待的所有格形式。

1.名词复数的规则变化

情况 构成方法 读音例词

一般情况 加 -s　 1.清辅音后读/s/; 2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/; book---books bag---bags car----cars

以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词

加 -es 读 /iz/　 bus-buses watch-watches

以ce,se,ze,

(d)ge等结尾的词 加 -s 读 /iz/　 license-licenses

以辅音字母+y结尾的词　 变y 为i 再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies

2.名词复数的不规则变化

1) 以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数。

如：　two Marys　the Henrys monkey---monkeys

holiday---holidays

比较： 层楼：storey ---storeys　 story---stories

2) 以o 结尾的名词，变复数时：

a. 加s，如： photo---photos　　piano---pianos

radio---radios　　zoo---zoos;

b. 加es，如：potato--potatoes　tomato--tomatoes

c. 均可，如：zero---zeros / zeroes

3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时：

a. 加s，如： belief---beliefs　roof---roofs

safe---safes　 gulf---gulfs;

b. 去f,fe 加ves，如：half---halves

knife---knives　leaf---leaves　wolf---wolves

wife---wives　life---lives　thief---thieves;

c. 均可,如：　handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves

3.不可数名词数的表示方法

1)物质名词

a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。

比较：Cake is a kind of food.　蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet.　这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数)

b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。

This factory produces steel.　(不可数) We need various steels.　(可数)

c. 当物质名词表示份数时，可数。

Our country is famous for tea. Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。

我国因茶叶而闻名。

2) 抽象名词有时也可数。

four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化

物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。

如： a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice　一条建议

4.定语名词的复数

名词作定语一般用单数，但也有例外。

1) 用复数作定语。 如：

sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室　 talks table 谈判桌

the foreign languages school外语学校

2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。

如：men workers　　women teachers　gentlemen officials

3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。如：goods train (货车) arms produce　武器生产

4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。

如：two-dozen eggs　两打/(二十四个鸡蛋)

a ten-mile walk 十里路

two-hundred trees 两百棵树

a five-year plan.　一个五年计划

5.不同国家的人的单复数

名称 总称(谓语用复数) 一个人　 两个人

中国人 the Chinese a Chinese two Chinese

俄国人 the Russians a Russian two Russians

瑞士人 the Swiss　 a Swiss two Swiss

澳大利亚人 the Australians　 an　 Australian two Australians

意大利人 the Italians an Italian　 two Italians

希腊人　　　　　　　　 the Greek a Greek two Greeks

法国人　　　　　　 the French a Frenchman two Frenchmen

日本人　　　　 the Japanese a Japanese　 two Japanese

美国人　　　　 the Americans an American two Americans

加拿大人　　　 the Canadians a Canadian two Canadians

印度人　　　　　　 the Indians an Indian two Indians

英国人　　　　　 the English an Englishman two Englishmen

瑞典人　　　　　　　 the Swedish a Swede two Swedes

德国人　　　　　　 the Germans a Germans two Germans

6.名词的格

在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下：

1)单数名词词尾加"'s"，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加"'s"，如the boy's bag 男孩的书包，men's room 男厕所。

2)若名词已有复数词尾-s ，只加"'"，如：the workers' struggle　工人的斗争。

3) 凡不能加"'s"的名词，都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系，如：the title of the song 歌的名字。

4)在表示店铺或教堂名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：the barber's 理发店。

5) 如果两个名词并列，并且分别有's，则表示"分别有";只有一个's，则表示'共有'。

如：John's and Mary's room(两间)　　John and Mary's room(一间)

6) 复合名词或短语，'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。

 

作文

1、包装

①书写、习惯

②格式(如书信右上角的时间)、结构(两头小、中间大、字数分配50-80-50)

↗长句↖

③选词造句→短句←交错使用(15句，1/3写长句，30字左右，长句后接一两句短句过渡)

↘难句：强调句(最好使)

2、货真价实

↗情景文字

①不要跑题(跑题则一半分数以下)，审题(三维)→提纲

↘图或表上的信息

②内容衔接(思维跨度不要太大)→总述和概述

↘注意句子完整

③方法多样性

一、大作文

(一)描绘：描述性语言、可加议论性观点

(二)议述：作者意图、个人评价

(三)总结(好的：预期一下未来;坏的：采取措施防治)/ 例证

具体讲：

(一)   描绘：总体背景介绍+细节刻画图或表上的信息

1、背景介绍

例一：人类克隆(试管婴儿 / 一个老婆四个一模一样的老公，“谁才是真的?”)

The problem of the use of genetic technologies on human being has [caused/aroused public concern]/[loomed up/cropped up as a burning/challenging topic].

例二：中国青少年犯罪比率上升(表)

In the recent years, China experienced/witnessed/was plagued with an alarming increase in juvenile delinquency.

例三：人和社会的发展与环境的协调(寓意图、对比图)

Currently, the topic/phenomenon of environment versus development has been in the limelight. Nowhere is the clash more evident/visible than in China, where the largest population confronts deforestation, pollution and acid rain on a range scale.

2、细节描绘

例：04年作文题

The (a set of) cartoon depicts a vivid scene in which an athlete dripping sweat is rushing to the end. Unquestionably/Undoubtedly/Beyond doubt, he wins the game but it is not the key message conveyed/implied/delivered by the picture. Apparently/Basically, the striking feature is that there is a line marked as both “the start” and “the end”, which means after the player came to the finishing-line, a new race is waiting to him.

另：对于图表描述不光要用上升下降等词，还要使用比较句型结构。

compare with/to

…as much as that…

more than, less than

by 2000, [the number reach the peak/bottom]/[the largest number appeared].

(二)   议述

引言句+分论点、事实信息罗列

如：As a matter of fact, the purpose of the drawer/drawing is to make us [pay high/more attention to…]/[rethink/have a fresh look at…].

例一：兼职part-time job

brainstorming

I. Advantages:

↗pocket money

①make money →follow interest

↘tuition fees

↗on one’s own

↗life→make friends

②experience        ↘custom, culture

↘work→lay a solid foundation for future career

↘be familiar with new fields

II. Disadvantages:

①money: be so young that they are bound to be cheated/be induced to do…

②experience→science and technology accelerate/speed up → invalid

↘hurt/injury/do harm to/endanger

III. what should we do?

①a second language

②computer operation and application

③后果degrade one’s academic performance

完整表述：

Acquiring knowledge at school without practical work experience is like working on one leg. Occasionally, although a student could attain some experience, nevertheless/yet such experience too frequently is [valid or even harmful]/[a bane rather than a boon]. That is to say, its demerits outweigh merits. Why? This is natural and necessary. Not only may the acceleration of science and technology bring about new tools/skills with each passing day, but also our work circumstances will change as the society develops. The fact that college students must get a good command of a second language as well as master the operation and application of computer requires them not to do part-time job. If they take part-time job, their energy and time will not be enough and their academic will degrade.

作文

例二：出国留学

brainstorming

↗ dream of (doing)

原因(好处)→ the mere way to achieve success

↘ curricula arrangement, teaching method

↓why?/how?/which channel?

good learning condition

↓what?

up-to-date teaching equipment

first-class research facilities

world famous professors

坏处：money → tuition fees     而在国内don’t worry about

↘ living expense

communication: language and cultural barrier  而在国内parent’s care and support facilitate

例三：盗版问题(最新光盘，四元一张;港台歌曲，十元三盒;流行书刊，一律二折)

(乾坤大挪移)Nowadays, the problem of piracy has been in the limelight. According to the cartoon we could find that books, VCDs, tapes and other high-tech products have been copied. When a new product enters into the market, we are bound to discover that its pirated counterpart will soon swarm/flood into the same market. Never in the nation’s history has the problem of piracy been more severe than now.

There is no denying that pirated commodities has not only resulted in a great loss to producer /manufacturers, inventors and writers, but also disturb/have a confusion in the market. Why? In that the pirated goods often cost less than the original ones, they enjoy a pretty good selling in spite of their shoddy quality. The genuine ones, however/by contrast, sell poorly. A current investigation/study/ report/survey/poll indicates/manifests/reveals that consumers spend approximately ￥20 billion on the pirated counterparts instead of the genuine ones annually. In addition, such pirated product, especially books, will do harm to/endanger the producers’ reputation due to too many misprinting.

(三)   结论

另：养宠物话题

With the quickening pace of modern life and fierce competition in the society, many people feel a sense of loneliness, not only because of the lack of normal communication in the family but also since absence of intercourse among the neighborhood. Cats and dogs or other pets will fill your void.

1、  总结性发言

例：养宠物

[Taking into account all the factors]/[which has been discussed above], we can safely come to a conclusion that keep-pets has both positive and negative influences. What we must do is to make sure that not only are its benefits encouraged and developed/retained but also we have to strive to/attempt to/endeavor to eliminate its unfavorable impacts.

2、  号召与后果

例：腐败现象

It is time that our government/authority should speak out against corruption and take firm/strong/stern action to punish him whoever takes bribes and embezzles funds. For the official corruption [if permitted to continue]/[If let this situation go as it is] will tarnish the government’s popularity/image and may lead to ultimate/terminate downfall.

3、  具体的建议

例：学生吸烟比率上升

In any case, we ought to do more than talk about the rise in student smoking. Our high schools and colleges must bring in some cancer experts/specialists/researchers who run films/slides for students, showing the dreadful consequence caused by cigarette smoking. We can also arrange/schedule visits to hospital wards for lung cancer patients. In short, we should take student smoking seriously.

作文

二、应用文

书信

↗①语气 / 措辞客气

公务信件→②格式：开头(写明目的)、结尾(期待回音)

↘③词汇 / 语法(言简意赅，长句最多25个字)

另：无论是大作文还是小作文，都不用些标题，如果想写则须注意以下问题：

①实词大写;②字母长度大于等于4个的虚词大写;③第一个单词的位置，不论实词还是虚词都要大写;④动词短语不做标题

补充：1、投诉信(换宿舍)

Dec.29th, 2004

Dear Sir or Madam/To whom it may concern/Dear Mr. Dean Zhang,

I’m writing to inform you that I wish to moving to a new room next term. I prefer a single room, as I rind the present sharing arrangement inconvenient.

I must explain that the reason for dissatisfaction is my roommate’s inconsiderate behavior. For one thing, his friends constantly visit him; for another, he regularly holds noisy parties. In addition, he too often borrows my private things without my permission. Consequently, I find it difficult for me to concentrate on my studies.

I’m sure that you will agree that I must move into a room of my own, where I would be far from such distraction. I would be grateful if you would take my requirement into consideration, as well as provide me with a room, preferably not in the same building but as near to college campus as possible.

Yours faithfully

XXX

2、感谢信(感谢车祸中及时救助你的人)

I’m writing to express my heartful gratitude. I’m referring to the unfortunate crash, when I was knocked off my bike by a taxi. But for your timely taking first aid and sending me to a nearby hospital, I fear that the consequence might have been much more serious.

The doctor says that my broken leg is healing well, and cuts and bruises will soon be completely better, what’s more, the taxi company agreed to pay my hospital bills. Everyone holds that it is your quick-witted action in the emergency that has led to satisfactory outcome.

Although many people talk about the need to be unselfish and to ready to help others, we see few people practicing what they preach. You showed by your selfless action that you are an exception. If there are more people like you, the world would be a much nicer one.

3、求购 / 预定信(为朋友庆祝生日)

I’m preparing a birthday party for a friend, and writing o inquire if you restaurant could offer private rooms with catering service. If so, I want to reserve one room for next Friday (oct.16th) from 5 p.m. to 9 p.m.

The room should be big enough to accommodate more than 50 people comfortably. And the party will be hold in a cocktail style; therefore a majority of us will be standing up for most of the time. So ten chairs are needed in the room. If there isn’t a bar, a drinks table should be set up. For entertainment, Karaoke of Disk jockey may be acceptable.

Will you please contact me in two days? You can reach at 13820XXXXXX in the daytime and at 2737XXXX in the night. Thanks for you consideration once more.

特殊句型与结构

1、more…than…

①beyond超越

例：Her beauty is more than words can describe.

②与其……不如……，more后是“不如”than后是“与其”

例：His works seem more likely a collection of separate scenes than a novel.

2、little/no more than仅仅

例：Of him little is known more than he’s a doctor.

3、nothing else than/but=nothing but只不过是;完全是

例：①What the man said was nothing else but nonsense. “完全是”

②I have done nothing else than finishing my tasks. “只不过是”

4、rather than否定后者肯定前者

例：①He was reading newspaper rather than writing letters.

②He rather than you should be responsible for the loss.

5、not so much A as B与not A but B不同，前者AB均可取，但强调B，后者表不取A取B

6、not possibly表完完全全、根本地否定，“根本不”的意思

例：Their views couldn’t possibly be misunderstood.

7、not…nearly as much as远远不如

例：The earth does not pull the cat to it nearly as much as it pulls a big rock.

8、to say nothing of=not to speak of=not to mention表加

例：①She takes singing and dancing lesson, not to speak of swimming.

②At that moment, he could not afford food, not to speak of luxuries.

9、all but后加形容词则表almost;后加名词则表all except

例：①Failure, for them, become all but impossible.

②All but little children thought the trip was exciting.

10、other than除掉，不同于

例：Reactions other than desired ones often happen.

11、not…but…不是……而是……

12、as well as注意并列的对象

例：①He agrees with you as well as I. 表He与I的并列

②He agrees with you as well as me. 表you与me的并列

其他

没有必要通读全文，遇到代词和一词多译的情况要结合上下文;此外出现的人名地名需要译的，约定的，如纽约，牛顿要写成规范的中文，对于非约定的，可根据读音编个中文然后后面加括号附上英文。

 

解题技巧：

1、就近原则寻找信息线索;

2、选项中出现时间年代时，往往要注意与原文中年代的前后对应关系;

3、选项中出现代词时，往往该选项不能放在首句，要注意指代成立的条件。

4、绝对选项常是干扰项，意思太泛太窄要小心;

5、警惕无关离题词，两项相近有答案;

6、选项对比原文时，与原文重复或同义改写的字越多的往往就是正确选项;

7、总体观、相互补，做题不用按顺序，选先做易后做难，莫忘近邻上下文;

8、放在段尾的名字有时也会有提示词：①因果连词;②总结性连词;③转折性连词

 

阅读

一、定位

1、题干选项

①数字、年代

②大写字母

③生僻且复杂的词(专业词汇)

④中心概念(相关、相近)

一般前三种情况出现的较多

2、顺序原则：即出题顺序与文章段落一般情况下是一直的，但也有例外。

二、题型

1、词汇题

问法：The word/phrase “...”(line … paragraph …)most probably was …

①单词：A超纲词，考本意   B常见词，考转意;②短语：全部考转意

做法：①返回原文，找到核心词;②注意核心词附近相同词性的内容;③结合上下文，注意同位语，特别标点，定语从句及前后缀

注意：短语题中字面意思的选项永远是错的

另：相邻两句间关系：①转折②并列或顺接

例题：94.66、94.57、95.57、94.51、01.69、02.47、03.43、98.52

关于词汇题要考的词：

白词(即认识的)

灰词(为不考本意的词)

以下为灰词的总结!

import重要性、意义、含义

understand知性

reason理性

reasoning推理

knowledge知道、知晓

term条件;措辞

industry产业

law法规、规则

act法案

community社会

agent动因

productivity经济

implication影响(本义：暗示)

code法则，准则

politics斗争，手腕

tip①指导，忠告②插图，插页

might力量

sport(动)夸耀

exercise(动)施加影响

word(名)消息;(动)措辞

measure法案

leave(名)休假;(动)使得，让……(如leave the window open)

passage通过

spell(名)=period

keep(名)生计

黑词(即不认识的)

推断方法：

①下定义，标志词：A is/means/refers to…

②同位语：A, one of ….

③近义词：A or B(A与B不一定是近义词，可能毫不相关)

A, or B、A and B(A与B绝对是近义词)

④解释：A is that is… (后一个is后面的内容是对A的解释)/That is…(是对上一句尾句名词的解释)

⑤标点符号()和——

⑥构词法(in-只有三对不表相反义，如下：)

flammable可燃的inflammable易燃

valuable有价值的invaluable价值不菲的

ravel解开，松开unravel与ravel同义(咪咪没查到这个单词)

⑦定语从句

⑧前后对比，如：

on the other hand;contras;on the contrary;转折词

⑨常识

⑩专业词汇

2、举例题

问法：The example of “…” in the passage is used to …

When mentioning “…”, the author is talking about

结论是例子所服务的对象，例子所说明的道理

做法：结合例子，精读例子前面一句话

注意：例子里的细节信息不能出现在正确选项里

例：94.63、04.53

另：①如果出现一个结论，下面有A、B、C、D四个顺序出现的例子，问D例子说明了什么。也就是说为结论服务的例子不止一个时，要在第一个例子里面找结论，这个结论而往往是段首句。②再如问A(第16行)与B(第22行)两个例子是为了说明什么，此是A与B必服务于一个结论，因此A与B之间的内容不必看，直接找A前面的句子。

窍门：当support/show/reveal/demonstrate/strengthen出现时看看是否是结论中的某个词的同义变换

3主题题

问法：mainly discuss/mainly about/best title不论题目出现在什么位置，一定要最后做

做法：①综合各段首句，如果第一段有转折词，重点往往在转折词后面;②名词性词组和文章的高频词汇是主体内容;如;③若文章有主题句，则与主题句相对应的为正确答案，对于A问题答案型：如01.59;B花开两朵型：文章有两个核心概念，围绕展开论述，又分为：a并进型：在第一段提出两个核心概念，下面并重地对两个核心概念进行论述，要找两个概念间的区别和联系，如94.54;b大花小花型：重点找大花(从文章篇幅就能看出)。

注意：①首段陷阱，如94.58、94.61、98.70;②逆向思维，两个选项相似的进行排除;③主题干扰选项：A局部信息：选项内容小于文章内容  B范围过宽，选项内容远大于文章内容

例：96.66、00.59、02.45

4指代题

问法：it/they/them

做法：①返回原文，找出出题的指代词;②向上搜索，找最近的名词性短语或句子;③将找到的词、词组或句子替换为该指代词，看其意思是否通畅;④将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项相比较，找出最佳答案

例：95.59

注意：要半个分句半个分句地(即以逗号为准)向上找对应成份

5细节题

定位：同义变换：换同义词;句式

注意：绝对化语言往往是错误选项(其他题目也适应)，没有原文根据的绝对化语言为错误答案①最高级：-est，most，least，顺序最高级first，last，at most;②唯一性：only，sole(ly)，unique(ly)，exclusive(ly)，alone

例：98.65、97.11、00.57

6态度题

I全文态度，问法：From the test, we can see that the writer seems …

II局部态度：问法：Sb.’s attitude toward sth./sb. Is …

做法：对于I全文态度，分析各段首句，总结作者表态度的动词、形容词或副词;对于II局部态度题，定位核心词在原文中出现的位置，在其附近寻找带有感情色彩的动词、形容词或副词，如：97.54、03.52、03.58、04.58

表态度词的总结：

①语气弱，观点不明确

light-hearted轻松的

jocular开玩笑的

facetious嘻皮笑脸的

indifference漠不关心的

impassive同上

ambivalence模棱两开的

suspicious怀疑的

puzzling困惑的

②语气过重

过坏：

condemnation咒骂

indignant愤怒

envious妒嫉

offensive令人讨厌的

insincere不忠诚的

callous冷漠无情的

defiance藐视

derision嘲笑的

scornful鄙视的

cynical愤世嫉俗的

spiteful痛恨的

bias偏见的

disgusting令人恶心的

过好：

fervent狂热

adulatory拍马屁

③中性词：

neutral中立的(选项中的“吴孟达”)

cautious小心的，慬慎的

④观点明确的词语

critical批评的

approve/disapprove赞同的/不赞同的

support支持的

negative/positive负面的/积极的

⑤客观性词

objective

impartial

做法：①看选项，排除过于轻描淡写、态度观点不明确的态度词;②排除语气过重的态度词;③排除相近选项;④保留观点明确的词、客观性词和中性词;⑤看题干确定感情态度的指向，再判断该的性质;⑥最后做出选择先后顺序：客观、支持、反对、中性

例：97.70、98.62、99.54

7推理题

问法：learn，infer，imply，suggest，conclude，true or false

做法：不许推理!一推就错。按细节题的做法

错误选项的特点：①与原文矛盾;②原文中没有出现过的内容;③把原文单词重新组合使语义剧变

正确选项的特点：原文中某句话的同义变换

例：95.62、97.56、97.62、99.58、99.63.66、01.65、02.52

补充：微观阅读法

1、看标点符号：破折号(——)，冒号(：)，分号(;)

2、抓句子主干

3、注意对照词：

①namely，in other words，likewise，that is to say

②转折词：

显性：but，yet，however，on the other hand，others，in contrast，nevertheless，on the contrary……

隐性：while，(al)though，despite，whereas(前面四个出现时，重点是这词后面的那个分句)，the trouble is，the problem is，what is harder to do，is not，does not……

③表结果的连词：thus，consequence……

④表递进：furthermore，in addition to，add to……

4、出题点：

①列举句;②举例，打比喻;③某人物的论断;④转折处;⑤复杂句;⑥因果句;⑦特殊标点;⑧段首段尾句

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