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Module 4 Garden City and its neighboursUnit 2 Santa Claus is coming to town教案

掌握词汇

advertisement n.广告 believe v.相信 hang v.悬挂

honest adj.诚实的 match v.相配 message n.音讯、信息

nearly adv.几乎 prepare v.准备 public adj.公共的

pull v.拉 sentence n.句子 since prep.从......以来

voice n.噪音、说话声 popular adj.受欢迎的 special adj.特殊的

queen n.城镇 present n.礼物 goose n.鹅

queen n.女王 burn燃烧

认知词汇

angel n.天使 beautifully adv.漂亮地 coloured adj.彩色的、有色的

eve n.前夕、前夜 exchange v.交换 patient adj.耐心的

shepherd n.牧羊人 stocking n.长袜、袜子 unwrapped adj.未包装的

hardworking adj.勤劳的 tasty adj.美味的

重点词组

Santa Claus 圣诞老人

More than 超过，多于

Prepare for 为……准备

Look for 寻找

Hard-working 忍耐的，耐心的

Christmas Eve 圣诞夜，平安夜

Hang up 悬挂

Christmas Day 圣诞节

Jesus Christ 耶酥

Boxing Day 节礼日

Father Christmas 圣诞老人

重点句型

We are looking for someone who loves children.

People have eaten turkey at Christmas since 1950.

It has been a popular Christmas meal for more than 300 years.

Turkey is a popular dish which people usually eat at Christmas.

How long have you studied at Rose Garden School?

I’ve studied at this school for nearly seven years.

语法指南

(一)现在完成时

现在完成时的构成

have(has)+过去分词

肯定句：主语(第一、二人称单、复数和第三人称复数)+have+过去分词

We have already finished the work.

主语(第三人称单数)+has+过去分词

He has returned home.

否定句式 have(has)+not+过去分词

We have not seen each other for seven years.

注意：

haven’t = have not

hasn’t = has not

we’ve = we have

另外，what’s有可能是what is或what has两种形式，需要根据上下文确定。

一般疑问句式 have(has)+主语+过去分词+其他

Has Jim already met you?

过去分词的几种用法：

1)构成完成时

I have just arrived. 我刚到。

2)构成被动语态

He was praised. 他受到了表扬。

3)作定语表示完成或被动

a well-written book 写得很好的书

a girl called Mary 叫玛丽的女孩

4)转化为形容词

a broken glass 打碎的玻璃杯

现在完成时的用法。

1.现在完成时的定义：动作发生在过去，对现在的影响和结果。

2.强调过去的动作和状态对现在产生的影响和结果。

常用的时间状语有：already, yet, never，有时没有时间状语;多是一般疑问句。

I have already seen the film.

Have you decided yet?

3.刚刚和最近发生的动作和状态。

常用的时间状语有：just, lately, recently, in the past few days/weeks

注意：just 和just now用不同的时态，just now(刚才)一般用过去时。

I have just phoned him?

I have visited my parents recently.

4.从过去一直延续到现在的动作和状态。

常用的时间状语有：since, (可用作介词和连词)for

注意：主句的谓语动词一般是延续性的动词，如果是否定形式，主句的谓语动词可用瞬间动词，否则，不能用瞬间动词。

I have lived here for 20 years.

I have lived here since I came to this city

I have learned English since 10 years ago.

He hasn't come to visit us for a few months.

5.从过去到现在一段时间的动作和状态。

常用的时间状语有：up till now, so far, in this morning, in this week, in this year, in my life

注意：这两句话的区别

I have seen him this morning. (时间还在上午)

I saw him this morning. (时间不是在上午了)

We have learned so many things from you so far.

I have seen any bird like this in my life.

6.对过去的体验和经历。

常用的时间状语有：before, ever, once, twice, many times

注意：这两句话的区别

I have been to Beijing (去过北京)

I have gone to Beijing(去北京了，人还没回来)

Have you seen tiger before?

I have been to Shanghai many times.

(二)定语从句

结构 …先行词(被修饰名词或代词)+关系代词或关系副词+…

The river(主语…先行词)which runs through the city(定语从句)is a beautiful sight.(谓语)

穿过这座城市的那条河流是一道美丽的风景。

A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health.

先行词 主语 谓语 宾语

定语从句

医生就是照顾病人的人。

This is the factory where my father works.

先行词 地点状语 主语 谓语

定语从句

这就是我爸爸工作的那个工厂。

关系代词和关系副词

修饰人用 who whom whose that

修饰物用 which that

关系副词 when where why

We are looking for someone who loves children.

A small bird which is brown and red.

如何确定定语从句的引导词

引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that;关系副词有where, when, why。

它们都在定语从句中担任句子成分。现分述如下：

1. 定语从句如果修饰人，常常用关系代词who，有时也用that (作主语时多用who)。例如：

He is a man who / that often helps others. 他是一位经常帮助别人的人。

如果这个关系代词在从句中作宾语， 就应当用whom或that， 但这种情况往往都可以把引导词省略，且在口语中可用who代替whom。例如：

Here is the man (whom / that / who) you would like to see. 这就是你想见的那个人。

值得注意的是，如果是在介词的后面就只能用whom。例如：

The boy to whom I spoke is my brother. 刚才和我说话的那个男孩是我弟弟。

如果表示“……的”时，就用who的所有格whose。例如：

Is there anyone in our class whose father is a doctor? 我们班有谁的父亲是当医生的吗?

whose的先行词也可是物。例如：

The house whose windows face the street is my uncle's. 窗户面朝街的那座房子是我叔叔的。

2. 定语从句如果修饰“物”，用关系代词that的时候较多，有时也用which。例如：

It's a computer which / that costs six thousand yuan. 这是一台价值六千元的电脑。

当这个代词在从句中用作宾语时，往往都会把它省略。例如：

The present(that / which) you gave me is very beautiful. 你给我的那件礼物非常漂亮。

在介词的后面只能用which。例如：

This is the book about which they are talking. 这就是他们正在谈论的那本书。

3. 定语从句修饰一个表示时间的词时，用关系副词when。例如：

I will never forget the day when I met her. 我将永远不会忘记我见到她的那一天。

4. 定语从句修饰地点名词时，用关系副词where。例如：

This is the place where we lived for five years. 这就是我们曾经住过五年的地方。

5. 定语从句修饰一个表示原因的词时，用关系副词why。例如：

I know the reason why she didn't come yesterday. 我知道她昨天没来的原因。

引导定语从句的关系代词

引导定语从句的关系代词有that, which, who, whom和whose。若先行词是人且在从句中作主语时，关系词选用who或that; 作宾语时可选用whom或that，且常可省略。若先行词为物且在从句中作主语或宾语时，关系词则用which或that;作宾语时可省略。whose既可指人又可指物，在从句中作定语。例如：

1. The boy who / that told me the news has left.

2. A clock is a machine that / which tells us the time.

3. The man (who / whom / that) you talked about just now is my friend.

4. The students whose home are far away live in the school.

由此可见，定语从句关系词的选择并不难，关键是弄清先行词是人还是物，在从句中作什么成分以及句式结构等。但若先行词在从句中作相同的成分，引导词又该如何判断呢?

一、 先行词为物时，which与that的区别。

在下列情况下，通常只用that。

1. 当先行词为none, one, few, little, all, many, much, every, something, everything, anything, nothing时。例如：

She did all that she could to help him.

Is there anything else that you require?

2. 当先行词被some, every, little, few, many, much, all, any, no, none等词修饰时。例如：

There is little water that you can drink.

You can take any seat that is free.

3. 当先行词被the same, the last, the only, the right, the very等词修饰时。例如：

It's the last place that we want to visit.

This is the very film that we enjoy.

4. 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。例如：

This is the first exam that we have this term.

This is the best novel that I have read.

5. 当先行词既有人又有物时。例如：

He talked happily of the men and the book that interested us.

6. 当主句是which引导的特殊疑问句时。例如：

Which of the books that are on the desk moved him?

在下列情况下只用which。

1. 当关系代词前使用介词时。例如：

That was the train by which they went to Jinan.

2. 当先行词本身是that时。例如：

The predicate(谓语) is that which is said of subject (主语)。

3. 在非限制性定语从句中。例如：

Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.

4. 当指物的关系代词被指人的短语隔离时。例如：

The cat beside the girl which is lovely was bought yesterday.

二、 先行词为人时，who与that的区别。

1. 当先行词在从句中作表语或主句是以who引导的特殊疑问句时，关系词用that。例如：

He isn’t the man that he used to be.

Who is the man that is standing there?

2. 若先行词为he, she, those, anyone等表示一类人的词时，关系词一般用who。例如：

He who invited me to the party is my brother.

Anyone who wants to see the film please let me know.

(三)It takes/took (+间接宾语)+直接宾语+to-V.

It took him two hours to finish his homework.

It takes ten minutes to get to Tiananmen from Wangfujing by bike.

take 与 spend 的辨析

take 与spend 都可以表示“花费”的意思，但用法结构不同。

spend的主语必须是“人”，宾语可以是“时间”、“金钱”，后面用on接名词，用in接动名词，in通常可以省略。

He spends fifty yuan on his bag.

He spends two hours (in) doing his homework.

(四)Since 的用法

since 指时间时，可作副词、介词、连词。无论作何词性，since 总和完成时连用。

1)作副词。前文通常有一个过去时间与之相呼应，强调从那时到现在一段时间里。

He went to school three years ago and has studied here since.

他三年前上学，从那以后就一直在这里学习。

2)作介词时后接表示时间点、每一活动或每一情况的名词，不能接时间段名词。

I haven’t met him since last year.

我从去年以来就没遇见过他。

3)作连词时可以引导时间状语从句和原因状语从句。

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