Passage 3
Questions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage:
The city has always been an engine of intellectual life, from the 18th-century cafes of London, where citizens gathered to discuss chemistry and politics, to the Left Bank bars of modern Paris, where Picasso talked about modern art. Without the metropolis, we might not have had the great art of Shakespeare.
And yet, city life isn’t easy. Now scientists have begun to examine how the city affects the brain, and the results are depressing. Just being in an urban environment, they have found, impairs(损害)our basic mental processes. (79) After spending a few minutes on a crowded city street, the brain is less able to hold things in memory, and suffers from reduced self-control. While it’s long been recognized that city life is exhausting, this new research suggests that citied actually dull our thinking, sometimes dramatically so.
One of the main forces at work is a complete lack of nature, which is surprisingly beneficial for the brain. Studies have demonstrated, for instance, that hospital patients recover more quickly when they can see trees from their windows, and that women living in public housing are better able to focus when their apartments overlook a lawn. Even these glimpses of nature improve brain performance, it seems, because they provide a mental break from the urban life.
This research arrives just as humans cross an important milestone(里程碑). For the first time in history, the majority of people live in cities. Instead of inhabiting wide-open spaces, we’re crowded into concrete jungles, surrounded by traffic and millions of strangers. In recent years, it’s become clear that such unnatural surroundings have important implications for our mental and physical health, and can powerfully alter how we think.
This research is also leading some scientists to dabble(涉足) in urban design, as they look for ways to make the city less damaging to the brain. (80) The good news is that even slight alterations, such as planting more trees in the inner city or creating urban parks with a greater variety of plants, can significantly reduce the negative side effects of city life. The mind needs nature, and even a little bit can be a big help.
11. Which of the following is the main idea of this passage?
A. The city inspires talented people.
B. The city hurts your brain.
C. The city has many pleasures and benefits.
D. The city seriously affects the natural balance.
12. The word “metropolis” in the first paragraph is closest in meaning to _____.
A. citizen B. nature C. city D. stress
13. People have just come to realize that _____.
A. human attention is a scarce resource
B. city life can make people very tired
C. the city is an engine of intellectual life
D. an urban environment is damaging to the brain
14. What is the factor mentioned in the third paragraph that helps the hospital patients recover more quickly?
A. Nature. B. Better treatment.
C. Experienced doctors. D. Good medicine.
15. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Different aspects(方面) of an urban environment, such as the crowded streets, can lead to an increase in self-control.
B. Small changes in urban design cannot reduce the negative side effects of city life.
C. For the first time in history, the earth’s population is more urban than rural.
D. A walk down a busy city street will improve brain performance.
Part II Vocabulary and Structure (30%)
Directions: In this part there are 30 incomplete sentences. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.
16. By the end of last week 611 people from 49 countries _____ to attend the meeting, with nearly half coming from the United States, Germany and Britain.
A. had Registered B. have Registered C. Registered D. were Registered
17. It was suggested that _____ big event like the Year of Russia in China should certainly benefit _____ relationship between the two countries.
A. a; the B. the; a C. a; / D. the; /
18. Although he knew little about amount of work done in the field, he succeeded _____ other more well-informed experimenters failed.
A. as B. unless C. what D. where
19. Having been praised by the teacher, the little girl ran back home, _____.
A. happily and satisfied B. eager and excitedly
C. happy and satisfied D. anxiously and excitedly
20. —How are their talks going on? Have they reached any agreement?
—They only seemed to have agreed to set another date for _____ talks.
A. deeper B. slower C. further D. higher
21. _____ ten minutes earlier, you wouldn’t have missed the train. But you were late.
A. Had you come B. Did you come
C. Have you come D. Should you come
22. Having been told that her son died in the accident, the old woman appeared very calm, as if nothing _____.
A. happened B. were happened C. was happened D. had happened
23. You should carefully think over _____ the manager said at the meeting.
A. that B. which C. what D. whose
24. Last week I wrote to the hotel to book a room, but they _____ yet.
A. didn’t answer B. wasn’t answering
C. hadn’t answered D. haven’t answered
25. Diana felt very much upset at _____ to the party as she had longed to go for a long time.
A. having not been invited B. not having been invited
C. not to be invite D. to be not invited
26. On no account _____ held responsible for the car accident, so he should not be put into prison.
A. the driver can be B. can the driver be
C. the driver be D. be the driver
27. All the kids are crying now. What _____ makes them so unhappy?
A. it is B. is it C. it is that D. is it that
28. Unfortunately, the package I was expecting was _____ to the wrong address.
A. written B. given C. packed D. delivered
29. _____ by a large audience, he felt very nervous and didn’t know what to say.
A. Watching B. Watch C. Watched D. Having watched
30. I’m very grateful for your help and hope to do something for you _____ in the future.
A. in exchange B. instead C. in return D. in particular
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